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Who does the Netherlands rely on?

The largest supplier of the Netherlands in 2024 is Germany, with 16% of what the Netherlands buys. Its share was 15.8% in 2019 and 21.3% in 1995. 256 of the 1,152 products the Netherlands buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what the Netherlands buys of that product; in 52, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 4.6% of what the Netherlands buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: Germany
16%
Concentration (HHI)
612
Products with a supplier above 50%
256
Products with a supplier above 75%
52

Concentration index (HHI): 612 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 16 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 1.6% to 9% of what the Netherlands buys

Share (%)

  • Germany 16%
  • United States 9.9%
  • Belgium 9.4%
  • China 9%
  • United Kingdom 4.6%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995Germany21.3%
1996Germany20%
1997Germany17.2%
1998Germany17.7%
1999Germany16.9%
2000Germany15.2%
2001Germany16.3%
2002Germany17.3%
2003Germany17.1%
2004Germany16.7%
2005Germany16.6%
2006Germany16.6%
2007Germany15.8%
2008Germany15.8%
2009Germany15.6%
2010Germany15%
2011Germany14.9%
2012Germany14.4%
2013Germany15.1%
2014Germany14.8%
2015Germany15.8%
2016Germany17%
2017Germany16.5%
2018Germany16.4%
2019Germany15.8%
2020Germany16.1%
2021Germany16.3%
2022Germany15.1%
2023Germany16.6%
2024Germany16%

Its suppliers

  1. Germany$102 billion · 16%
  2. United States$63.2 billion · 9.9%
  3. Belgium$59.7 billion · 9.4%
  4. China$57.5 billion · 9%
  5. United Kingdom$29.3 billion · 4.6%
  6. France$23.1 billion · 3.6%
  7. Italy$17 billion · 2.7%
  8. Poland$15.4 billion · 2.4%
  9. Norway$14.5 billion · 2.3%
  10. Ireland$14.1 billion · 2.2%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,152 products the Netherlands buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
BatteriesChina54.3%Germany · 10.8%$3.3 billion
Diodes, transistors and solar cellsChina67.6%Germany · 13.8%$2.7 billion
Yachts and pleasure boatsCayman Islands84.3%over 75%Italy · 2.8%$2.1 billion
Lamps and light fittingsChina52.1%Germany · 11.9%$1.8 billion
ElectricityGermany51.1%Norway · 16.5%$1.8 billion
Mounted lenses and objectivesGermany54%South Korea · 9.7%$1.6 billion
Radioactive elementsCanada59.2%United States · 21.1%$1.4 billion
Vehicle bodies and cabsBelgium53.9%Sweden · 41.9%$1.3 billion
Video game consoles and gamesChina61.1%United States · 6.8%$1.2 billion
Soybean meal and pelletsBrazil67.8%Germany · 6%$1.2 billion
Stainless steel sheetFinland52%Belgium · 20.2%$1.2 billion
Rapeseed and mustard oilGermany66.6%Belgium · 14.6%$1.1 billion
Coconut and palm kernel oilPhilippines56.4%Indonesia · 15.1%$985 million
Cocoa pasteCôte d'Ivoire65.1%Cameroon · 10.3%$945 million
Sunflower, safflower and cottonseed oilUkraine50.8%France · 11.1%$903 million
Fresh milk and creamGermany64.3%Belgium · 26.2%$863 million
Diesel enginesSweden60.2%Japan · 8.4%$857 million
CapacitorsGermany62.7%Japan · 18.9%$854 million
Molybdenum oreUnited States54.4%Chile · 17.3%$850 million
Live poultryGermany66.5%Belgium · 21.9%$814 million
Amino acids and amino alcohols (lysine)China57.8%Germany · 12.1%$743 million
PotatoesGermany56.3%Belgium · 18.4%$652 million
PeanutsArgentina56%United States · 17.6%$629 million
Other nuts (almonds, walnuts)United States53%Germany · 10.7%$621 million
Electron microscopesCzechia77.4%over 75%United States · 5.7%$614 million

and 231 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: Germany
16.6%
Concentration (HHI)
722

Concentration index (HHI): 722 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 14 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

Germany went from 22.2% to 16.6% of what the Netherlands sells

Share (%)

  • Germany 16.6%
  • Belgium 15.5%
  • Italy 6.5%
  • France 6.4%
  • United States 5.5%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995Germany22.2%
1996Germany21.6%
1997Germany20.3%
1998Germany20.3%
1999Germany20.1%
2000Germany18.2%
2001Germany19.4%
2002Germany18.4%
2003Germany18%
2004Germany17.5%
2005Germany18.8%
2006Germany18.8%
2007Belgium17.5%
2008Belgium18.8%
2009Germany18.5%
2010Germany19.3%
2011Germany20.2%
2012Germany20.2%
2013Germany20.5%
2014Germany19.7%
2015Germany20.6%
2016Germany20.1%
2017Germany19.9%
2018Germany19.5%
2019Germany18.2%
2020Germany17%
2021Germany17.4%
2022Germany18.2%
2023Germany17.8%
2024Germany16.6%

129 of the 1,132 products the Netherlands sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what the Netherlands sells of that product; in 32, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 6.1% of what the Netherlands sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
Crude petroleumBelgium96.4%over 75%Germany · 3.2%$22.4 billion
Yachts and pleasure boatsCayman Islands64%Marshall Islands · 18.4%$3.7 billion
Natural gas and LPGBelgium59.2%Germany · 16.8%$3.2 billion
Sunflower, safflower and cottonseed oilBelgium56.7%Germany · 16.8%$1.1 billion
Eggs in shellGermany61.8%Belgium · 12.3%$1 billion
Cured and smoked meatUnited Kingdom51%Belgium · 7.7%$814 million
GoldGermany57.5%United Kingdom · 16.1%$776 million
Cucumbers and gherkinsGermany55.3%United Kingdom · 17.6%$653 million
Dredgers and floating cranesIndia57.3%Turkmenistan · 7.2%$623 million
Cocoa beansGermany74.6%Italy · 6.6%$620 million
CoalGermany52.6%Norway · 22.3%$569 million
Precious metal scrapGermany63.5%Spain · 16.5%$527 million
SausagesBelgium50.8%Germany · 19.1%$316 million
Live cattleBelgium69.1%Croatia · 11.1%$296 million
AntibioticsItaly57.4%France · 7.7%$277 million

and 114 more

Leaving out trade within the EU

Largest supplier outside the EU: United States
18.5%
Concentration (HHI) · Supplier
800
Largest customer outside the EU: United States
16.8%
Concentration (HHI) · Customer
738

476 of the 1,063 products the Netherlands buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what the Netherlands buys of that product; in 159, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 14.1% of what the Netherlands buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
191Côte d'Ivoire624
192Finland624
193Netherlands612
194Lithuania606
195Angola605
196Switzerland605

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.