Largest supplier: Germany: 14%
Concentration (HHI): 624
Products with a supplier above 50%: 231
Products with a supplier above 75%: 77

Concentration index (HHI): 624 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 16 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 1.4% to 9.9% of what Finland buys

Share (%)

Germany 14%
Sweden 11.4%
China 9.9%
Norway 7.6%
Netherlands 5.6%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers

Year	Largest supplier	Share
1995	Germany	15.6%
1996	Germany	14.9%
1997	Germany	14.5%
1998	Germany	15.2%
1999	Germany	15.7%
2000	Germany	14.5%
2001	Germany	14.8%
2002	Germany	16%
2003	Germany	14.5%
2004	Germany	14.4%
2005	Germany	14.6%
2006	Russia	13.8%
2007	Russia	13.8%
2008	Russia	17%
2009	Russia	15.1%
2010	Russia	18.7%
2011	Russia	18.5%
2012	Russia	18.1%
2013	Russia	18.6%
2014	Russia	14.3%
2015	Germany	15.2%
2016	Germany	15%
2017	Germany	15.9%
2018	Germany	15.4%
2019	Germany	15.6%
2020	Germany	15.7%
2021	Germany	15.1%
2022	Germany	13.2%
2023	Germany	14.4%
2024	Germany	14%

Its suppliers

Germany$10.7 billion · 14%
Sweden$8.7 billion · 11.4%
China$7.6 billion · 9.9%
Norway$5.8 billion · 7.6%
Netherlands$4.3 billion · 5.6%
United States$3.8 billion · 5%
Poland$2.9 billion · 3.8%
France$2.5 billion · 3.3%
Estonia$2.5 billion · 3.2%
Italy$2.3 billion · 3%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 960 products Finland buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

Product	Supplier	Share	Second	Value
Crude petroleum	Norway	76.9%over 75%	United Kingdom · 11.5%	$5.3 billion
Cameras and broadcast equipment	China	50%	Vietnam · 10.8%	$1.6 billion
Batteries	China	71.3%	South Korea · 9.3%	$1.4 billion
Nickel matte	Russia	100%over 75%	Norway · 0%	$667 million
Airplanes and helicopters	France	76%over 75%	Japan · 15.3%	$577 million
Unrefined copper	Sweden	100%over 75%	United States · 0.01%	$481 million
Electricity	Sweden	87.3%over 75%	Estonia · 11.2%	$396 million
Refined copper	Belgium	57.9%	Germany · 19.4%	$374 million
Iron ore	Sweden	83.2%over 75%	Ukraine · 14.3%	$374 million
Fresh fish	Norway	89.7%over 75%	Sweden · 9.4%	$346 million
Precious metal ore	Ecuador	59.3%	Papua New Guinea · 26.8%	$343 million
Open-chain hydrocarbons	United States	91.9%over 75%	Belgium · 6.4%	$277 million
Chemically modified fats and oils	Netherlands	88.4%over 75%	Poland · 7.9%	$268 million
Turbojets and gas turbines	United States	52.3%	United Kingdom · 12.9%	$243 million
Copper wire	Germany	61.9%	Sweden · 18.9%	$220 million
Microphones and speakers	China	62%	Germany · 7.1%	$212 million
Tall oil	United States	73%	Sweden · 23.7%	$187 million
3D printers	Germany	69%	China · 4.1%	$156 million
Spark-ignition engines	Germany	57.3%	Austria · 21.3%	$155 million
Molybdenum ore	Netherlands	87.1%over 75%	Belgium · 7.1%	$112 million
Wood joinery	Estonia	60.4%	Sweden · 19.1%	$108 million
Garments of coated or nonwoven fabric	China	59.6%	Sweden · 7.5%	$105 million
Unwrought aluminum	Norway	55.4%	Sweden · 23.3%	$91 million
Live plants and cuttings	Netherlands	70%	Denmark · 11.2%	$90 million
Video game consoles and games	China	63.3%	Denmark · 9.5%	$90 million

and 206 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: Germany: 11.5%
Concentration (HHI): 509

Concentration index (HHI): 509 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 20 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

China went from 1.7% to 5.3% of what Finland sells

Share (%)

Germany 11.5%
Sweden 10.4%
United States 9.7%
Netherlands 6.5%
China 5.3%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers

Year	Largest customer	Share
1995	Germany	12.5%
1996	Germany	11.2%
1997	Germany	10.1%
1998	Germany	10.9%
1999	Germany	11.7%
2000	Germany	10.3%
2001	Germany	11.5%
2002	Germany	11.2%
2003	Germany	10.4%
2004	Germany	10.2%
2005	Germany	10.6%
2006	Germany	11.1%
2007	Germany	10.3%
2008	Germany	10.2%
2009	Germany	9.9%
2010	Sweden	10.1%
2011	Sweden	10.6%
2012	Sweden	10.2%
2013	Sweden	10.8%
2014	Germany	12%
2015	Germany	13.9%
2016	Germany	12.9%
2017	Germany	12.5%
2018	Germany	12.9%
2019	Germany	12.9%
2020	Germany	11.8%
2021	Germany	11.6%
2022	Germany	11.1%
2023	United States	11.3%
2024	Germany	11.5%

183 of the 738 products Finland sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Finland sells of that product; in 59, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 8.5% of what Finland sells.

Product	Customer	Share	Second	Value
Gold	Switzerland	98.8%over 75%	Estonia · 0.54%	$1.2 billion
Cargo and cruise ships	Germany	57%	Australia · 28.2%	$1.2 billion
Batteries	Germany	61.7%	Belgium · 9.1%	$907 million
Refined copper	Germany	52%	Sweden · 25.6%	$880 million
Other pharmaceutical goods	United States	70.2%	China · 7.8%	$684 million
Slag and ash with metals	Sweden	83.2%over 75%	Switzerland · 9.8%	$510 million
Nickel ore	China	79.4%over 75%	Canada · 18.8%	$406 million
Ferrous scrap	Turkey	54.4%	Estonia · 8.4%	$288 million
Copper matte	Russia	99.9%over 75%	Belgium · 0.11%	$212 million
Electricity	Estonia	69.2%	Sweden · 30.4%	$205 million
Wood joinery	Japan	61.4%	Sweden · 6.8%	$200 million
Logs	Sweden	59.1%	United Kingdom · 7.5%	$198 million
Semi-chemical wood pulp	Sweden	50.5%	Egypt · 25.5%	$163 million
Vaccines, blood and antisera	United States	58.1%	China · 12.6%	$144 million
Precious metal ore	Sweden	53.1%	Switzerland · 38.7%	$133 million

and 168 more

Leaving out trade within the EU

Largest supplier outside the EU: China: 24.3%
Concentration (HHI) · Supplier: 1,192
Largest customer outside the EU: United States: 21.2%
Concentration (HHI) · Customer: 809

405 of the 706 products Finland buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Finland buys of that product; in 164, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 43.6% of what Finland buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

Rank	Country	HHI
190	India	627
191	Côte d'Ivoire	624
192	Finland	624
193	Netherlands	612
194	Lithuania	606
195	Angola	605

Links

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

CEPII BACI · Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0
Natural Earth · Public domain

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.

Who does Finland rely on?

Summary