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Netherlands trade in 2024

In 2024, the Netherlands exported $551.2 billion and imported $638.7 billion, a trade deficit of $87.5 billion. It was the world's 10th-largest exporter, with 2.4% of world exports. Its top export was refined petroleum (8.8% of the total) and its main trading partner was Germany (16.3% of its trade).

Summary

Exports
$551.2billion
Imports
$638.7billion
Trade balance
-$87.5billion
Routes to the main partners. Width: trade value; color: estimated transport mode.SeaAirLand
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Products

What it exports

Refined petroleum (8.8%) and other industrial machines (4.5%) together make up 13.3% of its exports.

  1. Refined petroleum$48.7 billion · 8.8%
    Main partner: Germany
  2. Other industrial machines$24.8 billion · 4.5%
    Main partner: China
  3. Crude petroleum$22.4 billion · 4.1%
    Main partner: Belgium
  4. Vaccines, blood and antisera$19.6 billion · 3.6%
    Main partner: United States
  5. Medicines in measured doses or retail packs$13.6 billion · 2.5%
    Main partner: Germany
  6. Computers$13.3 billion · 2.4%
    Main partner: Sweden
  7. Cameras and broadcast equipment$12.2 billion · 2.2%
    Main partner: Belgium
  8. Medical and dental instruments$8 billion · 1.5%
    Main partner: Italy
  9. Computer and office machine parts$7.1 billion · 1.3%
    Main partner: Belgium
  10. Cars$6.6 billion · 1.2%
    Main partner: Belgium

What it imports

Crude petroleum (7.7%) and refined petroleum (5.3%) together make up 13% of its imports.

  1. Crude petroleum$49.3 billion · 7.7%
    Main partner: United States
  2. Refined petroleum$33.8 billion · 5.3%
    Main partner: Belgium
  3. Cameras and broadcast equipment$22.9 billion · 3.6%
    Main partner: China
  4. Natural gas and LPG$18.5 billion · 2.9%
    Main partner: United States
  5. Computers$18.2 billion · 2.9%
    Main partner: China
  6. Cars$16.8 billion · 2.6%
    Main partner: Germany
  7. Medical and dental instruments$14.6 billion · 2.3%
    Main partner: United States
  8. Computer and office machine parts$13.9 billion · 2.2%
    Main partner: China
  9. Medicines in measured doses or retail packs$12.4 billion · 1.9%
    Main partner: Germany
  10. Vaccines, blood and antisera$10.4 billion · 1.6%
    Main partner: Germany
By Harmonized System chapter (96)
ChapterExportsImports
27 · Oil, gas and coal$80.6 billion$112.9 billion
84 · Mechanical machinery$77.8 billion$75.7 billion
85 · Electrical and electronic equipment$41.1 billion$70.4 billion
30 · Pharmaceuticals$35.1 billion$24.7 billion
90 · Precision and medical instruments$24.7 billion$38.4 billion
39 · Plastics$24.4 billion$20.7 billion
87 · Vehicles$24 billion$35.7 billion
29 · Organic chemicals$16.3 billion$16 billion
04 · Dairy, eggs and honey$13 billion$6.1 billion
72 · Iron and steel$11.5 billion$10.6 billion
02 · Meat and offal$10.2 billion$5.6 billion
06 · Live plants and flowers$10.2 billion$2.4 billion
18 · Cocoa and chocolate$9.4 billion$8.4 billion
38 · Miscellaneous chemicals$8.8 billion$10.7 billion
07 · Vegetables$8.3 billion$3.5 billion
15 · Fats and oils$7.4 billion$10.7 billion
22 · Beverages and spirits$7.4 billion$5.9 billion
76 · Aluminum$6.9 billion$7.2 billion
20 · Preserved fruit and vegetables$6.8 billion$4.2 billion
21 · Food preparations$6.7 billion$4.1 billion
19 · Baked goods and cereal products$6.2 billion$4 billion
73 · Iron and steel products$6.1 billion$8.8 billion
23 · Animal feed and food waste$5.9 billion$4.2 billion
48 · Paper and paperboard$5.4 billion$6.3 billion
89 · Ships and boats$5.3 billion$2.9 billion
28 · Inorganic chemicals$5.1 billion$5.4 billion
33 · Perfumes and cosmetics$4.7 billion$5.5 billion
08 · Fruit and nuts$4.4 billion$8.5 billion
32 · Dyes, paints and tanning agents$3.7 billion$3 billion
03 · Fish and seafood$3.7 billion$3.3 billion
61 · Knitted clothing$3.3 billion$8.8 billion
40 · Rubber$3.3 billion$5.1 billion
34 · Soap and cleaning products$3.3 billion$2.6 billion
64 · Footwear$2.9 billion$5.3 billion
62 · Woven clothing$2.8 billion$8.5 billion
35 · Glues, starches and enzymes$2.8 billion$2.1 billion
94 · Furniture and lighting$2.6 billion$8.8 billion
95 · Toys and sports gear$2.6 billion$4.5 billion
12 · Oilseeds and grains$2.4 billion$4 billion
74 · Copper$2.4 billion$2.4 billion
16 · Prepared meat and fish$2.4 billion$2.4 billion
31 · Fertilizers$2.2 billion$807 million
71 · Gems and precious metals$2.1 billion$2.3 billion
24 · Tobacco$2.1 billion$908 million
17 · Sugar and sweets$2 billion$1.6 billion
01 · Live animals$1.9 billion$1.4 billion
88 · Aircraft and spacecraft$1.5 billion$3 billion
26 · Ores and slag$1.5 billion$4.1 billion
44 · Wood$1.5 billion$4.4 billion
09 · Coffee, tea and spices$1.4 billion$2.2 billion
25 · Salt, stone and cement$1.3 billion$2.1 billion
11 · Milling products and malt$1.3 billion$1 billion
82 · Tools and cutlery$1.2 billion$2.2 billion
57 · Carpets and rugs$1.2 billion$515 million
42 · Leather goods and bags$1.1 billion$2.5 billion
83 · Miscellaneous metal goods$1.1 billion$2 billion
70 · Glass$1 billion$1.9 billion
68 · Stone, plaster and cement articles$1 billion$1.5 billion
63 · Home textiles and used clothing$1 billion$2.3 billion
49 · Books and printed matter$971 million$1.4 billion
47 · Wood pulp$965 million$2.4 billion
75 · Nickel$939 million$1.5 billion
54 · Synthetic filaments$931 million$866 million
79 · Zinc$855 million$1 billion
10 · Cereals$692 million$3.3 billion
96 · Other manufactured goods$656 million$1.2 billion
56 · Felt, nonwovens and rope$649 million$665 million
05 · Other animal products$604 million$497 million
69 · Ceramics$591 million$1.3 billion
59 · Coated and technical textiles$525 million$393 million
97 · Art and antiques$520 million$359 million
37 · Photographic goods$479 million$375 million
91 · Watches and clocks$419 million$880 million
81 · Other base metals$367 million$686 million
86 · Railway equipment$339 million$687 million
55 · Synthetic staple fibers$311 million$377 million
41 · Hides and leather$289 million$137 million
65 · Hats$256 million$481 million
52 · Cotton$183 million$201 million
92 · Musical instruments$132 million$337 million
13 · Gums and plant extracts$128 million$257 million
36 · Explosives and matches$109 million$115 million
53 · Other plant fibers$89 million$128 million
80 · Tin$88 million$475 million
78 · Lead$86 million$88 million
58 · Special fabrics and lace$84 million$123 million
60 · Knitted fabric$73 million$183 million
67 · Feathers and artificial flowers$65 million$238 million
93 · Weapons and ammunition$65 million$403 million
14 · Other plant products$53 million$94 million
66 · Umbrellas and canes$41 million$107 million
46 · Wicker and basketware$40 million$114 million
51 · Wool$38 million$86 million
43 · Fur and fur goods$19 million$39 million
45 · Cork$7 million$20 million
50 · Silk$1 million$5 million

Trading partners

Germany is its main destination (16.6% of exports) and source (16% of imports).

Who it sells to

PartnerValue (USD billions)ShareMode
Germany91.416.6%Land
Belgium85.415.5%Land
Italy366.5%Sea
France35.16.4%Sea
United States30.35.5%Sea
United Kingdom274.9%Sea
Spain20.23.7%Sea
China203.6%Air
Sweden17.33.1%Sea
Poland14.82.7%Sea

Who it buys from

PartnerValue (USD billions)ShareMode
Germany10216%Land
United States63.29.9%Sea
Belgium59.79.4%Land
China57.59%Sea
United Kingdom29.34.6%Sea
France23.13.6%Sea
Italy172.7%Sea
Poland15.42.4%Sea
Norway14.52.3%Sea
Ireland14.12.2%Air

Overview 1995–2024

In 2024, the Netherlands accounted for 2.4% of world exports, compared with 3.4% in 1995.

Exports and imports

Exports tripled since 1995

USD billions (current). Bars: trade balance (green surplus, red deficit).

  • Exports 551
  • Imports 639
  • Balance -87.5

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearExportsImportsTrade balance
1995$170.2 billion$171.1 billion-$910 million
1996$175.1 billion$176.2 billion-$1.1 billion
1997$180.8 billion$184.7 billion-$3.9 billion
1998$180.7 billion$180.3 billion$455 million
1999$179.9 billion$185.6 billion-$5.8 billion
2000$188.3 billion$193.9 billion-$5.6 billion
2001$187.5 billion$189.8 billion-$2.2 billion
2002$193.4 billion$192.6 billion$739 million
2003$225.5 billion$236.8 billion-$11.2 billion
2004$275.9 billion$292.2 billion-$16.2 billion
2005$311.8 billion$334.4 billion-$22.6 billion
2006$355.1 billion$393.7 billion-$38.6 billion
2007$409.6 billion$453.1 billion-$43.4 billion
2008$469.6 billion$521.1 billion-$51.5 billion
2009$360.1 billion$395 billion-$35 billion
2010$419.2 billion$457.9 billion-$38.7 billion
2011$510.3 billion$565 billion-$54.7 billion
2012$494.5 billion$564.6 billion-$70.1 billion
2013$502.6 billion$546.4 billion-$43.8 billion
2014$503.3 billion$561.3 billion-$58 billion
2015$417.8 billion$456.6 billion-$38.8 billion
2016$413.3 billion$442.1 billion-$28.8 billion
2017$466.1 billion$503.6 billion-$37.5 billion
2018$512.5 billion$563 billion-$50.6 billion
2019$484.4 billion$554.1 billion-$69.7 billion
2020$470.9 billion$509.3 billion-$38.5 billion
2021$591.8 billion$633.1 billion-$41.3 billion
2022$611.1 billion$698.9 billion-$87.8 billion
2023$577.6 billion$651.7 billion-$74.1 billion
2024$551.2 billion$638.7 billion-$87.5 billion

World rank

The Netherlands fell from 9th to 10th among the world's exporters

Rank among 222 countries by export value (1st at the top).

  • 9th in 1995
  • 10th in 2024

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearRank
19959th
19969th
19979th
19989th
19999th
20009th
20019th
20029th
20039th
200410th
200510th
200610th
20079th
20087th
20098th
20108th
20117th
20128th
20137th
20148th
20158th
20168th
20178th
20188th
20199th
20208th
20217th
20228th
202310th
202410th

What it sells

Oil, gas and coal became its top export group: from 8% to 15%

% of exports by Harmonized System chapter.

  • Other 41%
  • Organic chemicals 3%
  • Vehicles 4%
  • Plastics 4%
  • Precision and medical instruments 4%
  • Pharmaceuticals 6%
  • Electrical and electronic equipment 7%
  • Mechanical machinery 14%
  • Oil, gas and coal 15%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
Chapter19952024
Oil, gas and coal8.3%14.6%
Mechanical machinery11.1%14.1%
Electrical and electronic equipment6.8%7.5%
Pharmaceuticals1.7%6.4%
Precision and medical instruments3.7%4.5%
Plastics6.6%4.4%
Vehicles4.2%4.4%
Organic chemicals5.8%3%
Other51.9%41.2%

Who it trades with

Germany went from 22% to 16% of the Netherlands' trade

% of total trade (exports + imports) with each partner.

  • Germany 16%
  • Belgium 12%
  • United States 8%
  • China 7%
  • France 5%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
Partner19952024
Germany21.7%16.3%
Belgium13.6%12.2%
United States6%7.9%
China1.1%6.5%
France7.9%4.9%

Production hubs

Largest industrial emission sources (Climate TRACE, 2025)

  • Tata Steel IJmuiden steel plantSteel · 12.3 Mt CO₂e
  • Eemshaven power stationPower · 4.5 Mt CO₂e
  • Yara SluiskilChemicals · 2.6 Mt CO₂e
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Largest economic production hubs (gridded GDP, 2024)

  • Amsterdam$728.6 billion (PPP, 2021 dollars)
  • Eindhoven$226.1 billion (PPP, 2021 dollars)
  • Groningen$132.1 billion (PPP, 2021 dollars)
View on the globe

Sources and methodology

Sources and licenses

Methodology

Goods trade from CEPII BACI (BACI_HS92_V202601), in current US dollars, with exports and imports reconciled between countries. The transport mode is our own estimate based on value per kilo and geography. Ranks are computed among the countries with data each year. Services are not included. Data up to 2024.

Neighboring countries

Main partners

See all countries