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Who does Turkey rely on?

The largest supplier of Turkey in 2024 is China, with 14.2% of what Turkey buys. Its share was 9.7% in 2019 and 1.6% in 1995. 312 of the 1,064 products Turkey buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Turkey buys of that product; in 99, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 17.8% of what Turkey buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: China
14.2%
Concentration (HHI)
503
Products with a supplier above 50%
312
Products with a supplier above 75%
99

Concentration index (HHI): 503 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 20 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 1.6% to 14.2% of what Turkey buys

Share (%)

  • China 14.2%
  • Germany 8.6%
  • Russia 8.2%
  • Italy 6.1%
  • United States 5.2%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995Germany15.6%
1996Germany17.1%
1997Germany16.2%
1998Germany15.7%
1999Germany14.6%
2000Germany13.7%
2001Germany13.4%
2002Germany14.2%
2003Germany14.5%
2004Germany13.8%
2005Germany12.9%
2006Germany12.1%
2007Germany11.7%
2008Germany10.6%
2009Germany11%
2010Germany10.7%
2011Germany11.1%
2012Germany10.5%
2013Germany11.2%
2014China10.9%
2015China12.2%
2016China12.3%
2017China10.5%
2018Germany10%
2019Germany9.8%
2020China11%
2021China12.9%
2022China13.1%
2023China13.3%
2024China14.2%

Its suppliers

  1. China$44.7 billion · 14.2%
  2. Germany$27.1 billion · 8.6%
  3. Russia$25.9 billion · 8.2%
  4. Italy$19.3 billion · 6.1%
  5. United States$16.5 billion · 5.2%
  6. France$12.4 billion · 4%
  7. Switzerland$10.9 billion · 3.5%
  8. Spain$9.5 billion · 3%
  9. South Korea$9.2 billion · 2.9%
  10. United Kingdom$7.6 billion · 2.4%

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,064 products Turkey buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
Refined petroleumRussia56.9%Iraq · 6.2%$20 billion
GoldSwitzerland50.9%United Arab Emirates · 32.7%$16.7 billion
JewelryItaly84.8%over 75%United Arab Emirates · 4.1%$6.6 billion
Cameras and broadcast equipmentChina69.3%Vietnam · 9.1%$5.2 billion
CoalRussia52.9%Australia · 15.6%$4.8 billion
Airplanes and helicoptersFrance50.8%Germany · 18.1%$4.2 billion
ComputersChina68%Vietnam · 9.9%$2.6 billion
SoybeansBrazil60.2%Ukraine · 18.2%$1.6 billion
WheatRussia85.7%over 75%Ukraine · 11.1%$1.3 billion
Sunflower, safflower and cottonseed oilRussia59.8%Ukraine · 32.2%$1.3 billion
Computer and office machine partsChina51.7%Vietnam · 8.9%$1.2 billion
Synthetic filament yarnChina51.7%India · 15.9%$1.2 billion
CornUkraine54.8%Russia · 30.3%$1 billion
Air conditionersChina50.2%Thailand · 19.8%$926 million
Diodes, transistors and solar cellsChina74.2%Germany · 12.2%$920 million
Other nuts (almonds, walnuts)United States55.3%Iran · 15.6%$908 million
Palm oilMalaysia90.1%over 75%Indonesia · 9.6%$725 million
Pig ironRussia61.3%Kazakhstan · 16.1%$628 million
Soybean meal and pelletsArgentina70.4%Brazil · 12.6%$622 million
Video recorders and playersChina54.5%Japan · 8.1%$573 million
CoffeeBrazil63.4%Netherlands · 6.4%$491 million
Cocoa beansCôte d'Ivoire57.5%Cameroon · 11.3%$486 million
Cotton yarnUzbekistan62.4%Turkmenistan · 13%$479 million
Ethers and organic peroxidesNetherlands50.9%United States · 10.3%$462 million
Meal from other oilseedsRussia73.6%Ukraine · 20.4%$428 million

and 287 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: Germany
8.5%
Concentration (HHI)
319

Concentration index (HHI): 319 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 31 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

Germany went from 23.1% to 8.5% of what Turkey sells

Share (%)

  • Germany 8.5%
  • United Kingdom 7.1%
  • United States 6.2%
  • Iraq 4.8%
  • Italy 4.6%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995Germany23.1%
1996Germany23%
1997Germany21.3%
1998Germany21.2%
1999Germany20.9%
2000Germany19.4%
2001Germany17.9%
2002Germany16.8%
2003Germany15.6%
2004Germany14.3%
2005Germany13.1%
2006Germany12.2%
2007Germany11.3%
2008Germany9.9%
2009Germany10.1%
2010Germany10.5%
2011Germany10.8%
2012Germany9.1%
2013Germany9.4%
2014Germany9.9%
2015Germany9.5%
2016Germany10.1%
2017Germany10.1%
2018Germany9.6%
2019Germany8.7%
2020Germany9.2%
2021Germany8.7%
2022Germany8.9%
2023Germany9%
2024Germany8.5%

134 of the 1,049 products Turkey sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Turkey sells of that product; in 42, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 2.4% of what Turkey sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
Crude petroleumIndia50.1%United Kingdom · 48.7%$1.2 billion
Fruit and vegetable juicesUnited States51.9%Netherlands · 8.9%$783 million
Marble and travertineChina59.4%India · 24.8%$677 million
Copper oreBulgaria55.4%China · 40.3%$659 million
Poultry meatIraq69.3%Uzbekistan · 4%$641 million
Frozen fishRussia60.6%Germany · 6.3%$501 million
Chromium oreChina74.1%Sweden · 9.4%$441 million
Rayon fabricMorocco57.5%Spain · 11%$367 million
Soybean oilAlgeria59.5%Egypt · 10.2%$351 million
Hunting and sporting shotguns and riflesUnited States66.1%Canada · 3.5%$266 million
Precious metal oreChina96.8%over 75%Malaysia · 2%$251 million
Diodes, transistors and solar cellsUnited States83.3%over 75%Syria · 3.1%$248 million
Synthetic staple fiber fabricMorocco74.8%United Arab Emirates · 4.5%$222 million
Iron oreChina61.6%Algeria · 12.1%$219 million
Bauxite (aluminum ore)China71.1%United States · 8.4%$212 million

and 119 more

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
207Italy524
208Spain506
209Turkey503
210Lebanon484
211Serbia481
212Germany461

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.