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Who does Italy rely on?

The largest supplier of Italy in 2024 is Germany, with 14.3% of what Italy buys. Its share was 15.8% in 2019 and 19.3% in 1995. 181 of the 1,177 products Italy buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Italy buys of that product; in 42, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 4.7% of what Italy buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: Germany
14.3%
Concentration (HHI)
524
Products with a supplier above 50%
181
Products with a supplier above 75%
42

Concentration index (HHI): 524 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 19 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 2% to 8.8% of what Italy buys

Share (%)

  • Germany 14.3%
  • China 8.8%
  • France 8.5%
  • Netherlands 6.1%
  • Spain 5.8%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995Germany19.3%
1996Germany18.7%
1997Germany18%
1998Germany18.8%
1999Germany19.1%
2000Germany17.7%
2001Germany18%
2002Germany17.8%
2003Germany17.9%
2004Germany17.6%
2005Germany17.1%
2006Germany16.6%
2007Germany16.9%
2008Germany15.8%
2009Germany16.2%
2010Germany15.7%
2011Germany15.4%
2012Germany14.4%
2013Germany14.6%
2014Germany14.8%
2015Germany15.2%
2016Germany15.8%
2017Germany16%
2018Germany16.1%
2019Germany15.8%
2020Germany16%
2021Germany15.8%
2022Germany13.3%
2023Germany14.9%
2024Germany14.3%

Its suppliers

  1. Germany$84 billion · 14.3%
  2. China$51.8 billion · 8.8%
  3. France$50.2 billion · 8.5%
  4. Netherlands$36 billion · 6.1%
  5. Spain$34.3 billion · 5.8%
  6. United States$26.8 billion · 4.5%
  7. Belgium$25.9 billion · 4.4%
  8. Switzerland$16.8 billion · 2.8%
  9. Poland$16.5 billion · 2.8%
  10. Austria$12.6 billion · 2.1%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,177 products Italy buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
HormonesUnited States61.2%Ireland · 23.8%$9.8 billion
Nitrogen heterocyclic compoundsChina77.3%over 75%Switzerland · 6.4%$8.1 billion
Olive oilSpain57.2%Greece · 17.1%$3.1 billion
Live cattleFrance77.4%over 75%Slovenia · 3.9%$1.6 billion
SoybeansBrazil51.2%United States · 29.3%$1.2 billion
Plastic building fittingsPoland53.6%Romania · 20.8%$1.2 billion
Other wristwatchesSwitzerland51.4%France · 18.3%$965 million
CoalUnited States51.5%Kazakhstan · 13.2%$803 million
Soybean meal and pelletsArgentina65.3%Brazil · 17.6%$778 million
DiamondsBelgium56.7%India · 16.9%$711 million
Wood joineryAustria54%China · 11.3%$682 million
Eyeglass framesChina65.5%Japan · 10.4%$676 million
Precious metal watchesSwitzerland56.5%France · 33.1%$657 million
Unwrought nickelNetherlands54.8%South Africa · 11.4%$643 million
WineFrance68%Spain · 21%$565 million
Pig ironRussia60.9%South Africa · 15.9%$538 million
Fuel and lubricant additivesFrance61.2%Belgium · 11.6%$511 million
Dredgers and floating cranesSingapore98%over 75%Ukraine · 0.91%$482 million
Printed circuit boardsChina54.4%Romania · 10.1%$465 million
SulfonamidesIreland75.9%over 75%Belgium · 3.7%$436 million
Navigation instrumentsUnited States51.2%United Kingdom · 12.7%$392 million
Live plants and cuttingsNetherlands54.5%Spain · 12.2%$385 million
Plastic rods and profilesGermany64.1%Belgium · 7.3%$358 million
Earthmoving and drilling machinesChina63.4%Germany · 12.8%$337 million
Animal hairChina75.7%over 75%Mongolia · 18.9%$283 million

and 156 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: United States
11.2%
Concentration (HHI)
464

Concentration index (HHI): 464 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 22 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

Germany went from 17.3% to 10.5% of what Italy sells

Share (%)

  • United States 11.2%
  • Germany 10.5%
  • France 9%
  • United Kingdom 5%
  • Switzerland 4.9%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995Germany17.3%
1996Germany16%
1997Germany14.6%
1998Germany15.2%
1999Germany15.1%
2000Germany13.3%
2001Germany13.6%
2002Germany12.9%
2003Germany12.5%
2004Germany12.2%
2005Germany12.4%
2006Germany12.4%
2007Germany11.8%
2008Germany12.3%
2009Germany12.1%
2010Germany12.3%
2011Germany12.6%
2012Germany11.9%
2013Germany11.9%
2014Germany12%
2015Germany11.4%
2016Germany12%
2017Germany11.9%
2018Germany12.4%
2019Germany11.6%
2020Germany12.2%
2021Germany12.4%
2022Germany11.8%
2023Germany11.4%
2024United States11.2%

98 of the 1,164 products Italy sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Italy sells of that product; in 28, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 1.5% of what Italy sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
GoldSwitzerland59.6%France · 12.4%$4.2 billion
Cameras and broadcast equipmentSpain51.6%Greece · 11.2%$3.2 billion
Other processed tobaccoJapan62.1%Ukraine · 9.7%$2 billion
Paintings and drawingsUnited States67.9%Switzerland · 9.8%$812 million
Gold and silverwareTurkey69.4%United States · 4.6%$389 million
Hunting and sporting shotguns and riflesUnited States61.2%France · 6.3%$377 million
Amide compoundsGermany51.9%Japan · 7.8%$374 million
Marble and travertineChina52.3%India · 14%$338 million
SculpturesUnited States70.4%United Kingdom · 7.7%$293 million
Precious metal scrapSwitzerland53.8%Germany · 13.9%$284 million
Shipping containersIsrael52.7%France · 15.6%$205 million
Firearm partsUnited States54.4%Spain · 5.3%$184 million
Synthetic staple fiber fabricMorocco54.6%Germany · 8.3%$184 million
Cyclic hydrocarbonsHungary50.7%Netherlands · 12.3%$167 million
Watch straps and bandsSwitzerland82.8%over 75%United States · 3.2%$161 million

and 83 more

Leaving out trade within the EU

Largest supplier outside the EU: China
20.2%
Concentration (HHI) · Supplier
695
Largest customer outside the EU: United States
21.2%
Concentration (HHI) · Customer
759

538 of the 1,072 products Italy buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Italy buys of that product; in 169, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 23.3% of what Italy buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
205Estonia542
206United Kingdom531
207Italy524
208Spain506
209Turkey503
210Lebanon484

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.