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Who does Spain rely on?

The largest supplier of Spain in 2024 is Germany, with 11.3% of what Spain buys. Its share was 12.7% in 2019 and 15% in 1995. 229 of the 1,160 products Spain buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Spain buys of that product; in 41, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 5.4% of what Spain buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: Germany
11.3%
Concentration (HHI)
506
Products with a supplier above 50%
229
Products with a supplier above 75%
41

Concentration index (HHI): 506 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 20 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 2% to 10.5% of what Spain buys

Share (%)

  • Germany 11.3%
  • China 10.5%
  • France 9.1%
  • Italy 6.9%
  • United States 6.5%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995France17.4%
1996France18%
1997France17.7%
1998France18.8%
1999France18.3%
2000France17.8%
2001France17.4%
2002France17%
2003France16.6%
2004Germany16.2%
2005Germany15.1%
2006Germany14.4%
2007Germany15.7%
2008Germany13.8%
2009Germany13.7%
2010Germany12.2%
2011Germany12.4%
2012France11.3%
2013Germany11.5%
2014Germany12.4%
2015Germany13.4%
2016Germany13.5%
2017Germany13%
2018Germany12.7%
2019Germany12.7%
2020Germany12.6%
2021Germany11.5%
2022China10.9%
2023Germany11.3%
2024Germany11.3%

Its suppliers

  1. Germany$50 billion · 11.3%
  2. China$46.1 billion · 10.5%
  3. France$40.2 billion · 9.1%
  4. Italy$30.2 billion · 6.9%
  5. United States$28.8 billion · 6.5%
  6. Netherlands$20.2 billion · 4.6%
  7. Portugal$17.7 billion · 4%
  8. Morocco$11.5 billion · 2.6%
  9. United Kingdom$10.6 billion · 2.4%
  10. Belgium$10.4 billion · 2.4%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,160 products Spain buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
Cables and wireMorocco56.9%China · 6.9%$4.2 billion
SoybeansBrazil71.8%United States · 27.1%$2.5 billion
Diodes, transistors and solar cellsChina65%Portugal · 14.7%$2.2 billion
WheatUkraine55.1%France · 17.6%$1.7 billion
Precious metal scrapUnited Kingdom57.7%France · 26.7%$1.6 billion
ElectricityFrance75.6%over 75%Portugal · 23.1%$1.4 billion
PerfumesFrance74.5%Italy · 9.5%$1.4 billion
Lamps and light fittingsChina63.6%Germany · 6.7%$1.1 billion
Soybean meal and pelletsBrazil51.7%Argentina · 37.7%$1.1 billion
Radioactive elementsUnited Kingdom64.3%China · 18.3%$1 billion
ToysChina55.5%Czechia · 7.2%$1 billion
Sunflower, safflower and cottonseed oilUkraine71.6%France · 11.5%$898 million
Other nuts (almonds, walnuts)United States59.7%Portugal · 12.8%$863 million
Sports equipmentChina56.2%France · 7.1%$837 million
Home appliancesChina59.5%Germany · 8.5%$743 million
Bulk medicinesSwitzerland58.4%Germany · 10.9%$704 million
Palm oilIndonesia50.6%Guatemala · 9.9%$625 million
PotatoesFrance67%Netherlands · 8.2%$554 million
Live pigsNetherlands54.6%Portugal · 15.6%$471 million
Cocoa pasteCôte d'Ivoire57.8%Ghana · 10.8%$455 million
Iron oreCanada61.8%Brazil · 24.2%$454 million
Vacuum cleanersChina53.6%Germany · 16.3%$406 million
Live cattleFrance62%Portugal · 13.8%$398 million
PastaItaly56%France · 9%$347 million
Speedometers, taximeters and countersPortugal55.8%Germany · 11.2%$326 million

and 204 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: France
13.6%
Concentration (HHI)
589

Concentration index (HHI): 589 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 17 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

France went from 20% to 13.6% of what Spain sells

Share (%)

  • France 13.6%
  • Germany 10%
  • Portugal 9.4%
  • Italy 8.7%
  • United Kingdom 6.7%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995France20%
1996France19.5%
1997France17.8%
1998France18.9%
1999France18.8%
2000France18.7%
2001France18.8%
2002France18.6%
2003France18.5%
2004France18.4%
2005France17.8%
2006France17.2%
2007France17.4%
2008France17%
2009France16.3%
2010France16.1%
2011France15.4%
2012France14.8%
2013France14.4%
2014France13.7%
2015France13.5%
2016France13.6%
2017France13.5%
2018France13.4%
2019France13.6%
2020France15.3%
2021France15.3%
2022France16.1%
2023France14.3%
2024France13.6%

144 of the 1,133 products Spain sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Spain sells of that product; in 43, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 3.3% of what Spain sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
Nitrogen heterocyclic compoundsPanama61.6%Belgium · 10.1%$2.9 billion
Spark-ignition enginesMorocco52.2%Romania · 11.9%$1.9 billion
ElectricityPortugal62.3%France · 26.8%$1.7 billion
Refined copperItaly62.1%Egypt · 18.2%$1.3 billion
Copper oreChina87.2%over 75%Finland · 6.3%$1.2 billion
Copper scrapChina56%Germany · 9.5%$896 million
Edible offalChina63.4%Philippines · 13.1%$846 million
Nucleic acids and other heterocyclesIreland53.1%United States · 10.7%$639 million
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)France60.6%Greece · 13.5%$449 million
Vehicle bodies and cabsMorocco63.2%Algeria · 15.3%$391 million
Soybean oilMorocco62.6%Netherlands · 14.3%$359 million
Aluminum oxide and hydroxideNorway52.5%Netherlands · 14.5%$350 million
Armored vehiclesUnited Kingdom77.9%over 75%Portugal · 4.3%$326 million
Passenger rail coachesMyanmar76.1%over 75%Germany · 14%$311 million
Live cattleMorocco56.5%Lebanon · 19.3%$281 million

and 129 more

Leaving out trade within the EU

Largest supplier outside the EU: China
20.3%
Concentration (HHI) · Supplier
731
Largest customer outside the EU: United Kingdom
16.2%
Concentration (HHI) · Customer
670

570 of the 1,060 products Spain buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Spain buys of that product; in 200, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 24.9% of what Spain buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
206United Kingdom531
207Italy524
208Spain506
209Turkey503
210Lebanon484
211Serbia481

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.