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Who does France rely on?

The largest supplier of France in 2024 is Germany, with 13.5% of what France buys. Its share was 16.1% in 2019 and 19.2% in 1995. 217 of the 1,174 products France buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what France buys of that product; in 45, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 5.3% of what France buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: Germany
13.5%
Concentration (HHI)
579
Products with a supplier above 50%
217
Products with a supplier above 75%
45

Concentration index (HHI): 579 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 17 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 1.9% to 10.3% of what France buys

Share (%)

  • Germany 13.5%
  • China 10.3%
  • Belgium 7.7%
  • Italy 7.7%
  • Spain 7.2%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995Germany19.2%
1996Germany18.2%
1997Germany17.2%
1998Germany18%
1999Germany18.1%
2000Germany17%
2001Germany17.5%
2002Germany17.9%
2003Germany17.9%
2004Germany17.9%
2005Germany17.7%
2006Germany16.9%
2007Germany17.3%
2008Germany17.2%
2009Germany17.1%
2010Germany17.8%
2011Germany17.7%
2012Germany18.2%
2013Germany18.1%
2014Germany17.9%
2015Germany17.9%
2016Germany17.6%
2017Germany16.8%
2018Germany16.3%
2019Germany16.1%
2020Germany17.2%
2021Germany16.7%
2022Germany14.7%
2023Germany13.5%
2024Germany13.5%

Its suppliers

  1. Germany$100.6 billion · 13.5%
  2. China$76.9 billion · 10.3%
  3. Belgium$57.3 billion · 7.7%
  4. Italy$57.1 billion · 7.7%
  5. Spain$53.6 billion · 7.2%
  6. United States$49.6 billion · 6.6%
  7. Netherlands$35.1 billion · 4.7%
  8. United Kingdom$28.6 billion · 3.8%
  9. Switzerland$19.3 billion · 2.6%
  10. Poland$18.9 billion · 2.5%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,174 products France buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
ComputersChina57.4%Poland · 6.1%$9.4 billion
Cargo and cruise shipsSouth Korea54.5%China · 29.3%$4.1 billion
GoldSwitzerland52.6%Spain · 21.2%$3.9 billion
ToysChina51.9%Czechia · 8.8%$2.3 billion
Lamps and light fittingsChina51.2%Italy · 10.7%$2.2 billion
Other wristwatchesSwitzerland79%over 75%China · 12.9%$1.9 billion
Diodes, transistors and solar cellsChina63.7%Germany · 9.6%$1.9 billion
Video game consoles and gamesChina61.2%United States · 6.3%$1.7 billion
Microphones and speakersChina59.5%Germany · 8.9%$1.6 billion
Stainless steel sheetBelgium73.7%Italy · 8.6%$1.4 billion
Home appliancesChina53.4%Germany · 12%$1.4 billion
Soybean meal and pelletsBrazil57%Belgium · 10.5%$1.4 billion
Citrus fruitSpain64.2%South Africa · 6.8%$1.3 billion
Other fresh vegetablesSpain58%Morocco · 13%$1.2 billion
CoalAustralia60.6%United States · 22.5%$1.2 billion
BeerBelgium61.4%Netherlands · 17.5%$1.1 billion
Ceramic tilesItaly50.4%Spain · 29.1%$1.1 billion
TomatoesMorocco81.1%over 75%Spain · 10.8%$1.1 billion
PastaItaly51.8%Spain · 9%$1.1 billion
Frozen vegetablesBelgium63.2%Netherlands · 24%$1.1 billion
Precious metal watchesSwitzerland89.8%over 75%Italy · 3.8%$1 billion
Lamb and goat meatUnited Kingdom63.1%Ireland · 13.3%$1 billion
Olive oilSpain67.9%Italy · 18.8%$1 billion
Iron oreCanada58%Brazil · 17.8%$995 million
PorkSpain67.5%Germany · 8.8%$993 million

and 192 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: Germany
11.2%
Concentration (HHI)
483

Concentration index (HHI): 483 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 21 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

Germany went from 17.4% to 11.2% of what France sells

Share (%)

  • Germany 11.2%
  • United States 8.6%
  • Italy 8%
  • Belgium 7.3%
  • Spain 6.4%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995Germany17.4%
1996Germany16.3%
1997Germany15%
1998Germany15.6%
1999Germany14.9%
2000Germany14.1%
2001Germany14.4%
2002Germany14.3%
2003Germany13.8%
2004Germany13.9%
2005Germany14.6%
2006Germany14.6%
2007Germany14%
2008Germany14.4%
2009Germany14.7%
2010Germany15%
2011Germany15.1%
2012Germany14.1%
2013Germany14.3%
2014Germany14.5%
2015Germany14%
2016Germany13.9%
2017Germany12.8%
2018Germany12.6%
2019Germany12.3%
2020Germany12.5%
2021Germany12.1%
2022Germany11.5%
2023Germany11.5%
2024Germany11.2%

113 of the 1,154 products France sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what France sells of that product; in 25, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 2.6% of what France sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
Natural gas and LPGItaly55.9%Belgium · 20.8%$9.5 billion
GoldSwitzerland51.2%Italy · 30.2%$3.1 billion
Radioactive elementsUnited States50.1%Germany · 15.4%$2.5 billion
Live cattleItaly74.2%Spain · 15.2%$1.6 billion
Raw flaxChina56.7%Belgium · 22.3%$1.1 billion
Vehicle bodies and cabsMorocco68.1%United Kingdom · 17%$970 million
Rapeseed (canola)Germany50.3%Belgium · 20.4%$795 million
Slag and ash with metalsGermany57.7%Belgium · 12.4%$697 million
Cargo and cruise shipsMalta88.1%over 75%Angola · 7.6%$612 million
Wooden barrels and casksUnited States51.5%Italy · 8.3%$524 million
Watch straps and bandsSwitzerland67.3%United States · 5.8%$341 million
Flight simulators and aircraft launch gearEgypt61.5%Canada · 13.4%$322 million
Glands, heparin and organ extractsSingapore68.8%Canada · 7.1%$314 million
Tanned cattle hidesItaly58.7%China · 8.6%$311 million
Imides and imines (saccharin)China69.3%Brazil · 6.4%$311 million

and 98 more

Leaving out trade within the EU

Largest supplier outside the EU: China
22.4%
Concentration (HHI) · Supplier
892
Largest customer outside the EU: United States
17.5%
Concentration (HHI) · Customer
693

493 of the 1,104 products France buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what France buys of that product; in 168, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 20.4% of what France buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
196Switzerland605
197North Macedonia588
198France579
199Israel576
200Senegal575
201Egypt572

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.