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Who does Poland rely on?

The largest supplier of Poland in 2024 is Germany, with 20.8% of what Poland buys. Its share was 22.8% in 2019 and 26.5% in 1995. 267 of the 1,129 products Poland buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Poland buys of that product; in 63, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 11.2% of what Poland buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: Germany
20.8%
Concentration (HHI)
784
Products with a supplier above 50%
267
Products with a supplier above 75%
63

Concentration index (HHI): 784 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 13 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 1.8% to 14.3% of what Poland buys

Share (%)

  • Germany 20.8%
  • China 14.3%
  • Italy 4.8%
  • United States 4.7%
  • Netherlands 3.9%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995Germany26.5%
1996Germany25.5%
1997Germany24.6%
1998Germany26.1%
1999Germany25.6%
2000Germany24.7%
2001Germany24.8%
2002Germany25.1%
2003Germany25.1%
2004Germany24.8%
2005Germany25.4%
2006Germany25.6%
2007Germany25.6%
2008Germany25%
2009Germany24.1%
2010Germany23.5%
2011Germany23.8%
2012Germany22.6%
2013Germany22.5%
2014Germany23.5%
2015Germany24.1%
2016Germany24.3%
2017Germany24%
2018Germany23.5%
2019Germany22.8%
2020Germany23.1%
2021Germany22.3%
2022Germany20.9%
2023Germany21.3%
2024Germany20.8%

Its suppliers

  1. Germany$78.8 billion · 20.8%
  2. China$54.1 billion · 14.3%
  3. Italy$18.3 billion · 4.8%
  4. United States$17.8 billion · 4.7%
  5. Netherlands$14.8 billion · 3.9%
  6. Czechia$14 billion · 3.7%
  7. France$13.8 billion · 3.6%
  8. South Korea$9.3 billion · 2.5%
  9. Spain$8.8 billion · 2.3%
  10. Saudi Arabia$8.7 billion · 2.3%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,129 products Poland buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
Crude petroleumSaudi Arabia52.2%Norway · 32.2%$15.4 billion
Turbojets and gas turbinesUnited States56.1%Germany · 7.8%$4.5 billion
ComputersChina52.9%Taiwan · 12.3%$4.5 billion
Engine partsGermany56.7%China · 5.3%$3 billion
Bombs, missiles and ammunitionBulgaria64.9%South Korea · 18.5%$2.8 billion
Airplanes and helicoptersUnited States53.1%Brazil · 11.9%$1.9 billion
Fresh fishNorway70.5%Sweden · 14.1%$1.8 billion
Parts for broadcast equipmentChina77.2%over 75%South Korea · 7.9%$1.8 billion
Chromates, permanganates and other metal saltsSouth Korea73.9%Japan · 19.4%$1.7 billion
Diodes, transistors and solar cellsChina57.8%Germany · 17.5%$1.4 billion
Bags, suitcases and casesChina50.5%Germany · 11.6%$1.4 billion
Armored vehiclesSouth Korea76.2%over 75%United States · 18.7%$1.4 billion
Diesel enginesGermany74.5%Sweden · 9%$1.4 billion
Microphones and speakersChina51.1%Denmark · 8.9%$1.3 billion
ElectricityGermany62.3%Sweden · 20.1%$1.3 billion
Lamps and light fittingsChina67.4%Germany · 13.2%$1.2 billion
TrailersGermany53.9%China · 6.6%$1.2 billion
Uncoated paperGermany61.5%Austria · 10.5%$1.1 billion
Live pigsDenmark91.3%over 75%Germany · 4.1%$850 million
Video recorders and playersChina54.1%Germany · 8.3%$801 million
Military weaponsSouth Korea83.8%over 75%Bulgaria · 5.2%$785 million
Vacuum cleanersChina55.1%Germany · 19.3%$740 million
Printed circuit boardsChina59%South Korea · 8.2%$605 million
Copper oreBrazil98.6%over 75%Republic of the Congo · 1.2%$561 million
Sports equipmentChina61.5%Germany · 9%$527 million

and 242 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: Germany
24.5%
Concentration (HHI)
829

Concentration index (HHI): 829 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 12 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

Germany went from 35.7% to 24.5% of what Poland sells

Share (%)

  • Germany 24.5%
  • Czechia 5.9%
  • United Kingdom 5.8%
  • France 5.6%
  • Italy 4.9%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995Germany35.7%
1996Germany33.2%
1997Germany31.8%
1998Germany33.9%
1999Germany34.7%
2000Germany34%
2001Germany34.2%
2002Germany32.5%
2003Germany32.8%
2004Germany27.6%
2005Germany26.4%
2006Germany25.5%
2007Germany23.8%
2008Germany23.6%
2009Germany24.3%
2010Germany24.4%
2011Germany24.6%
2012Germany23.6%
2013Germany23.8%
2014Germany24.6%
2015Germany25.4%
2016Germany25%
2017Germany24.9%
2018Germany25.7%
2019Germany25.4%
2020Germany26.1%
2021Germany26.1%
2022Germany25.2%
2023Germany25.6%
2024Germany24.5%

158 of the 1,070 products Poland sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Poland sells of that product; in 42, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 3% of what Poland sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
Bombs, missiles and ammunitionUkraine97%over 75%Uganda · 0.65%$1.9 billion
CatalystsGermany56.7%Portugal · 12.5%$1.6 billion
ElectricitySlovakia50.8%Lithuania · 16.3%$981 million
Dried, salted and smoked fishGermany50.1%Italy · 17.7%$930 million
CoalCzechia59%Slovakia · 11.5%$799 million
Books and brochuresGermany53.5%Netherlands · 8.3%$702 million
Fresh milk and creamGermany53.4%Lithuania · 5.8%$688 million
Military weaponsUkraine93.3%over 75%Germany · 3%$608 million
Parts for broadcast equipmentGermany65%United Kingdom · 6.6%$538 million
Coal tar oilsNetherlands72.9%Germany · 11.3%$457 million
Railway track materialGermany55.8%Sweden · 8.2%$386 million
Polycarboxylic acidsGermany65.8%Italy · 6%$327 million
Machine tool partsGermany53.6%United States · 6.4%$269 million
Waste paperGermany65.8%Austria · 7.8%$244 million
Rapeseed (canola)Germany87.7%over 75%Czechia · 4.5%$235 million

and 143 more

Leaving out trade within the EU

Largest supplier outside the EU: China
31.5%
Concentration (HHI) · Supplier
1,270
Largest customer outside the EU: United Kingdom
19.8%
Concentration (HHI) · Customer
804

550 of the 1,001 products Poland buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Poland buys of that product; in 231, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 37.4% of what Poland buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
167Ukraine785
168Latvia784
169Poland784
170United Arab Emirates781
171Montenegro768
172Mauritania766

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.