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Who does Russia rely on?

The largest supplier of Russia in 2024 is China, with 56.4% of what Russia buys. Its share was 21.8% in 2019 and 4.3% in 1995. 734 of the 1,016 products Russia buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Russia buys of that product; in 406, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 55.4% of what Russia buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: China
56.4%
Concentration (HHI)
3,277
Products with a supplier above 50%
734
Products with a supplier above 75%
406

Concentration index (HHI): 3,277 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 3 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 4.3% to 56.4% of what Russia buys

Share (%)

  • China 56.4%
  • Kazakhstan 4.7%
  • Turkey 4.2%
  • Germany 4%
  • India 2.4%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995Germany16.7%
1996Germany12.3%
1997Germany14.3%
1998Germany13.9%
1999Germany14.2%
2000Germany13.4%
2001Germany16.3%
2002Germany17.3%
2003Germany16.4%
2004Germany16.9%
2005Germany15.6%
2006Germany15.5%
2007Germany14.7%
2008Germany14%
2009Germany14.2%
2010China16.7%
2011China15.5%
2012China16%
2013China16.4%
2014China17.4%
2015China19.3%
2016China20%
2017China20.4%
2018China22%
2019China21.8%
2020China24.2%
2021China25.7%
2022China38.3%
2023China50.9%
2024China56.4%

Its suppliers

  1. China$113.9 billion · 56.4%
  2. Kazakhstan$9.5 billion · 4.7%
  3. Turkey$8.5 billion · 4.2%
  4. Germany$8.1 billion · 4%
  5. India$4.8 billion · 2.4%
  6. Italy$4.6 billion · 2.3%
  7. South Korea$4.5 billion · 2.2%
  8. Armenia$3.1 billion · 1.6%
  9. Uzbekistan$3 billion · 1.5%
  10. Poland$3 billion · 1.5%

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,016 products Russia buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
CarsChina88%over 75%Japan · 8.1%$17.3 billion
Cameras and broadcast equipmentChina77.2%over 75%Armenia · 12.4%$5 billion
ComputersChina71.8%India · 12.3%$3.9 billion
Auto partsChina73.1%Turkey · 9.7%$3.6 billion
TractorsChina96.2%over 75%Kazakhstan · 1.5%$2.8 billion
TrucksChina97%over 75%Kazakhstan · 2.6%$2.8 billion
Bulldozers and excavatorsChina88.2%over 75%Turkey · 4.7%$2.4 billion
New tiresChina75.4%over 75%South Korea · 7.8%$2 billion
Other industrial machinesChina87.3%over 75%Turkey · 3.3%$1.9 billion
Electric heaters and hair dryersChina74.2%Turkey · 4.6%$1.9 billion
Radioactive elementsKazakhstan96.5%over 75%France · 3%$1.9 billion
Valves and tapsChina75.5%over 75%Italy · 6.5%$1.8 billion
Computer and office machine partsChina76.4%over 75%Hong Kong · 8.9%$1.8 billion
Other plastic articlesChina54.2%Germany · 11.3%$1.4 billion
Leather footwearChina62.7%Italy · 12.7%$1.3 billion
Rubber and plastic footwearChina91.5%over 75%Poland · 2.7%$1.3 billion
Monitors and projectorsChina78.5%over 75%Armenia · 15.5%$1.3 billion
Air pumps, compressors and fansChina77.9%over 75%Turkey · 6.9%$1.3 billion
Liquid pumpsChina82.7%over 75%Kazakhstan · 5.2%$1.2 billion
Parts for cranes and excavatorsChina84.1%over 75%South Korea · 4.8%$1.2 billion
Air conditionersChina90.1%over 75%Turkey · 2.4%$1.1 billion
Home appliancesChina88.6%over 75%Germany · 3.8%$1.1 billion
ToysChina86.9%over 75%Kazakhstan · 3.4%$1 billion
Centrifuges and filtersChina67.5%Turkey · 10.2%$1 billion
Water heaters and industrial dryersChina69.6%South Korea · 8.4%$999 million

and 709 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: China
34.4%
Concentration (HHI)
1,612

Concentration index (HHI): 1,612 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 6 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

China went from 6% to 34.4% of what Russia sells

Share (%)

  • China 34.4%
  • India 17.6%
  • Turkey 6.9%
  • Kazakhstan 4.8%
  • Brazil 3.2%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995Germany11.3%
1996Germany9.3%
1997Germany9.2%
1998Germany9.1%
1999Germany9.2%
2000Germany8.4%
2001Germany7.1%
2002Germany6.7%
2003Germany6.5%
2004Germany6.7%
2005Netherlands8.5%
2006Netherlands10.5%
2007Netherlands11%
2008Netherlands10.1%
2009Netherlands10.5%
2010Netherlands10%
2011Netherlands10%
2012Netherlands11.8%
2013Netherlands9.2%
2014Netherlands11.1%
2015Netherlands9.7%
2016China10.7%
2017China11.3%
2018China12.4%
2019China13.5%
2020China15.2%
2021China14.5%
2022China21.2%
2023China31.4%
2024China34.4%

545 of the 849 products Russia sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Russia sells of that product; in 219, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 27.9% of what Russia sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
Crude petroleumChina50.4%India · 42.5%$124.2 billion
Unwrought aluminumChina52%South Korea · 11.9%$7.3 billion
Sawn woodChina72.9%Uzbekistan · 9.7%$3.6 billion
Refined copperChina70.7%Turkey · 15.6%$3.2 billion
Frozen fishChina53.8%South Korea · 14.2%$2.4 billion
Precious metal oreChina100%over 75%Kyrgyzstan · 0.02%$2 billion
Synthetic rubberChina59%Turkey · 12.4%$1.6 billion
Copper oreChina96.4%over 75%Kazakhstan · 3.6%$1.5 billion
Prepared shellfishChina77.9%over 75%South Korea · 20.7%$1.5 billion
Unwrought nickelChina66.1%Germany · 12.7%$1.2 billion
Chemical wood pulpChina90.5%over 75%South Korea · 3%$1.2 billion
Rapeseed and mustard oilChina93.9%over 75%Norway · 3.2%$1.2 billion
Iron oreChina93.1%over 75%Turkey · 6.2%$1 billion
BarleySaudi Arabia51.8%China · 18%$987 million
Nickel matteFinland78.7%over 75%China · 21.3%$847 million

and 530 more

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
21Tajikistan3,449
22Syria3,387
23Russia3,277
24Mongolia3,184
25Nauru3,129
26Aruba3,043

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.