Summary
- Largest supplier: Turkey
- 56.4%
- Concentration (HHI)
- 3,387
- Products with a supplier above 50%
- 220
- Products with a supplier above 75%
- 130
Concentration index (HHI): 3,387 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 3 suppliers of the same size
Trend
Trend in shares
Turkey went from 7.2% to 56.4% of what Syria buys
Share (%)
- Turkey 56.4%
- China 10%
- Egypt 8.5%
- Saudi Arabia 3.8%
- Lebanon 2.6%
Source: CEPII BACI
Show the numbers
| Year | Largest supplier | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Italy | 12.5% |
| 1996 | Italy | 11.5% |
| 1997 | Italy | 10.1% |
| 1998 | Germany | 9.3% |
| 1999 | France | 12.1% |
| 2000 | Italy | 11.3% |
| 2001 | Italy | 7.5% |
| 2002 | United States | 7.6% |
| 2003 | China | 7.4% |
| 2004 | China | 8.9% |
| 2005 | China | 8.2% |
| 2006 | China | 8.5% |
| 2007 | China | 9.9% |
| 2008 | China | 11.5% |
| 2009 | China | 9.8% |
| 2010 | China | 10.4% |
| 2011 | China | 13.9% |
| 2012 | China | 14.9% |
| 2013 | Turkey | 17.6% |
| 2014 | Turkey | 28.2% |
| 2015 | Turkey | 30.8% |
| 2016 | Turkey | 31.7% |
| 2017 | Turkey | 25.8% |
| 2018 | Turkey | 24.5% |
| 2019 | Turkey | 25.3% |
| 2020 | Turkey | 31% |
| 2021 | Turkey | 42.6% |
| 2022 | Turkey | 42.1% |
| 2023 | Turkey | 48.7% |
| 2024 | Turkey | 56.4% |
Its suppliers
Products with a dominant supplier
Of the 318 products Syria buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.
| Product | Supplier | Share | Second | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunflower, safflower and cottonseed oil | Turkey | 89.7%over 75% | Lebanon · 4.1% | $125 million |
| Cane and beet sugar | Turkey | 62.1% | Brazil · 20.9% | $104 million |
| Wheat flour | Turkey | 99.8%over 75% | Greece · 0.09% | $104 million |
| Polyethylene | Saudi Arabia | 85.8%over 75% | Turkey · 12.2% | $102 million |
| Refined petroleum | Turkey | 96.3%over 75% | Lebanon · 1.9% | $96 million |
| Pet and animal feed | Turkey | 95.6%over 75% | Belgium · 1.1% | $91 million |
| Cement | Turkey | 95.7%over 75% | Egypt · 4.3% | $85 million |
| Steel bars | Turkey | 99.8%over 75% | Egypt · 0.11% | $72 million |
| Yerba mate | Argentina | 90.3%over 75% | Brazil · 8.9% | $70 million |
| Citrus fruit | Egypt | 72.3% | Turkey · 27.7% | $66 million |
| Electricity | Turkey | 100%over 75% | — | $57 million |
| Ceramic tiles | Turkey | 79.8%over 75% | Spain · 9.9% | $54 million |
| Coffee | Brazil | 76.1%over 75% | Turkey · 17.5% | $53 million |
| Hot-rolled flat steel | Turkey | 56.7% | Egypt · 38.3% | $50 million |
| Live poultry | Turkey | 99.8%over 75% | Spain · 0.23% | $47 million |
| Tea | Sri Lanka | 99%over 75% | China · 0.64% | $45 million |
| Soybean meal and pellets | Turkey | 95.6%over 75% | Egypt · 4.4% | $44 million |
| Cables and wire | Turkey | 96%over 75% | China · 2.1% | $43 million |
| New tires | China | 62% | Turkey · 31.6% | $42 million |
| Other fresh fruit (berries, kiwi) | Egypt | 99.2%over 75% | Turkey · 0.79% | $40 million |
| Medicines in measured doses or retail packs | Turkey | 52% | France · 18.3% | $39 million |
| Other knitted fabric | China | 59% | Turkey · 39.8% | $38 million |
| Natural gas and LPG | Turkey | 99.9%over 75% | Lebanon · 0.09% | $37 million |
| Soft drinks | Turkey | 99.1%over 75% | Lebanon · 0.9% | $36 million |
| Other nuts (almonds, walnuts) | Turkey | 98.8%over 75% | Georgia · 1% | $35 million |
and 195 more
A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.
Selling: who it relies on
- Largest customer: Turkey
- 39.3%
- Concentration (HHI)
- 2,063
Concentration index (HHI): 2,063 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 5 customers of the same size
Trend in shares
Turkey went from 8.2% to 39.3% of what Syria sells
Share (%)
- Turkey 39.3%
- Saudi Arabia 16.4%
- Lebanon 12%
- India 5.6%
- Kuwait 4.6%
Source: CEPII BACI
Show the numbers
| Year | Largest customer | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Germany | 19.7% |
| 1996 | Italy | 22.4% |
| 1997 | Italy | 20% |
| 1998 | Germany | 18.8% |
| 1999 | Germany | 23.2% |
| 2000 | Germany | 29.7% |
| 2001 | Germany | 18.4% |
| 2002 | Turkey | 13.7% |
| 2003 | Turkey | 15.6% |
| 2004 | Iraq | 19.2% |
| 2005 | Germany | 17.7% |
| 2006 | Germany | 17.7% |
| 2007 | Germany | 15.9% |
| 2008 | Iraq | 19.3% |
| 2009 | Iraq | 27.1% |
| 2010 | Iraq | 18.9% |
| 2011 | Germany | 17.2% |
| 2012 | Saudi Arabia | 17.4% |
| 2013 | Egypt | 19.3% |
| 2014 | Jordan | 13.5% |
| 2015 | Egypt | 18.3% |
| 2016 | Lebanon | 15% |
| 2017 | Lebanon | 16.2% |
| 2018 | Saudi Arabia | 14% |
| 2019 | Saudi Arabia | 23.8% |
| 2020 | Turkey | 26% |
| 2021 | Saudi Arabia | 29.5% |
| 2022 | Saudi Arabia | 28.8% |
| 2023 | Turkey | 28.7% |
| 2024 | Turkey | 39.3% |
70 of the 89 products Syria sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Syria sells of that product; in 47, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 59.9% of what Syria sells.
| Product | Customer | Share | Second | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olive oil | Turkey | 76.4%over 75% | Spain · 10.2% | $310 million |
| Natural phosphates | India | 54.8% | Serbia · 45.1% | $87 million |
| Other nuts (almonds, walnuts) | Turkey | 50.7% | Egypt · 16.7% | $56 million |
| Raw cotton | Turkey | 100%over 75% | Lebanon · 0% | $52 million |
| Ginger, saffron, turmeric and other spices | Turkey | 57% | Saudi Arabia · 15% | $39 million |
| Vegetables preserved in brine | Turkey | 54.1% | Spain · 21.3% | $30 million |
| Live sheep and goats | Kuwait | 65.7% | Saudi Arabia · 17.9% | $27 million |
| Preserved fruit and nuts | Saudi Arabia | 94.6%over 75% | Germany · 1% | $24 million |
| Pickled vegetables and fruit | Saudi Arabia | 77.4%over 75% | Kuwait · 8.8% | $18 million |
| Ferrous scrap | Turkey | 100%over 75% | — | $15 million |
| Wheat | Turkey | 100%over 75% | — | $14 million |
| Avocados, mangoes, pineapples and dates | Saudi Arabia | 76.1%over 75% | Egypt · 12.5% | $14 million |
| Raw wool | India | 93.2%over 75% | United Kingdom · 6.9% | $13 million |
| Apples and pears | Egypt | 50.7% | Saudi Arabia · 36.2% | $13 million |
| Glass bottles and jars | Lebanon | 77.8%over 75% | Saudi Arabia · 12.3% | $13 million |
and 55 more
Concentration compared
The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).
| Rank | Country | HHI |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | Northern Mariana Islands | 3,599 |
| 21 | Tajikistan | 3,449 |
| 22 | Syria | 3,387 |
| 23 | Russia | 3,277 |
| 24 | Mongolia | 3,184 |
| 25 | Nauru | 3,129 |
Links
Sources and method
Sources and licenses
- CEPII BACI · Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0
- Natural Earth · Public domain
Methodology
The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.
Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.
The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.
Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.
The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.
Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.