Largest supplier: Germany: 18.2%
Concentration (HHI): 662
Products with a supplier above 50%: 218
Products with a supplier above 75%: 47

Concentration index (HHI): 662 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 15 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

Poland went from 0.58% to 6.3% of what Romania buys

Share (%)

Germany 18.2%
Italy 8.1%
Hungary 6.5%
China 6.4%
Poland 6.3%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers

Year	Largest supplier	Share
1995	Germany	16.5%
1996	Germany	16.6%
1997	Italy	16.4%
1998	Italy	17.8%
1999	Italy	20.1%
2000	Italy	20.5%
2001	Italy	20.3%
2002	Italy	20.6%
2003	Italy	19.3%
2004	Italy	17.4%
2005	Italy	15.6%
2006	Germany	15.3%
2007	Germany	16.8%
2008	Germany	16.2%
2009	Germany	16.6%
2010	Germany	15.7%
2011	Germany	16.6%
2012	Germany	16.8%
2013	Germany	18.1%
2014	Germany	18.5%
2015	Germany	19.3%
2016	Germany	19.9%
2017	Germany	19.6%
2018	Germany	20%
2019	Germany	19.8%
2020	Germany	20.5%
2021	Germany	20%
2022	Germany	17.4%
2023	Germany	18.8%
2024	Germany	18.2%

Its suppliers

Germany$25.1 billion · 18.2%
Italy$11.2 billion · 8.1%
Hungary$9 billion · 6.5%
China$8.8 billion · 6.4%
Poland$8.7 billion · 6.3%
Turkey$7.8 billion · 5.7%
Bulgaria$6 billion · 4.4%
Netherlands$5.8 billion · 4.2%
France$5.7 billion · 4.1%
Austria$4.2 billion · 3%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,040 products Romania buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

Product	Supplier	Share	Second	Value
Crude petroleum	Kazakhstan	52%	Azerbaijan · 14%	$4.6 billion
Natural gas and LPG	Bulgaria	76.8%over 75%	Turkey · 6.9%	$1 billion
Bombs, missiles and ammunition	Bulgaria	63.4%	Ukraine · 13.2%	$770 million
Unwrought aluminum	Netherlands	50%	Italy · 25%	$560 million
Printed circuit boards	China	56.7%	Germany · 11.1%	$529 million
Sunflower, safflower and cottonseed oil	Ukraine	89.6%over 75%	Moldova · 5.2%	$527 million
Ball and roller bearings	Germany	51%	China · 9.3%	$389 million
Spark-ignition engines	Spain	58.1%	Turkey · 36.3%	$385 million
Fragrance mixtures	Ireland	65%	Germany · 13.7%	$351 million
Physical and chemical analysis instruments	Germany	54.9%	Hungary · 9.2%	$330 million
Catalysts	Germany	68.4%	Poland · 17.5%	$329 million
Stainless steel sheet	Italy	52.2%	Finland · 14.2%	$293 million
Capacitors	Germany	50.8%	Netherlands · 18.6%	$281 million
Footwear parts	Italy	51%	Ukraine · 17.6%	$268 million
Tanned cattle hides	Italy	69.5%	Hungary · 5.8%	$207 million
Nucleic acids and other heterocycles	Switzerland	91%over 75%	India · 3.2%	$205 million
Aircraft parts	Germany	55.2%	Belgium · 16%	$200 million
Resistors	Germany	72.9%	Netherlands · 4.9%	$188 million
Fresh milk and cream	Hungary	58.2%	Poland · 10.9%	$180 million
Tomatoes	Turkey	53.3%	Germany · 17.1%	$177 million
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)	Hungary	51.9%	Bulgaria · 26%	$167 million
Radioactive elements	Kazakhstan	63.9%	Canada · 33.8%	$157 million
Armored vehicles	Switzerland	76.7%over 75%	Israel · 16.4%	$152 million
Magnets and electromagnets	Germany	59.8%	Austria · 6.9%	$146 million
Military weapons	United States	79.1%over 75%	Bulgaria · 14%	$142 million

and 193 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: Germany: 18.2%
Concentration (HHI): 611

Concentration index (HHI): 611 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 16 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

Italy went from 16.5% to 8.6% of what Romania sells

Share (%)

Germany 18.2%
Italy 8.6%
France 6.9%
United Kingdom 5%
Turkey 4%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers

Year	Largest customer	Share
1995	Germany	17.8%
1996	Germany	17.5%
1997	Italy	18.9%
1998	Italy	21.1%
1999	Italy	22%
2000	Italy	21.1%
2001	Italy	23.3%
2002	Italy	22.9%
2003	Italy	22.6%
2004	Italy	19.1%
2005	Italy	16.7%
2006	Germany	15.9%
2007	Italy	15%
2008	Germany	15.1%
2009	Germany	18.8%
2010	Germany	16.8%
2011	Germany	18.1%
2012	Germany	18.3%
2013	Germany	17.9%
2014	Germany	18%
2015	Germany	18.3%
2016	Germany	20%
2017	Germany	21.9%
2018	Germany	21.7%
2019	Germany	21.6%
2020	Germany	21.1%
2021	Germany	19%
2022	Germany	17.9%
2023	Germany	19.1%
2024	Germany	18.2%

210 of the 836 products Romania sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Romania sells of that product; in 69, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 6.9% of what Romania sells.

Product	Customer	Share	Second	Value
Control panels	Germany	52.1%	Czechia · 5.5%	$2.9 billion
Bombs, missiles and ammunition	Ukraine	86.3%over 75%	Bulgaria · 5.9%	$811 million
Electricity	Hungary	50.9%	Ukraine · 18.4%	$695 million
Ferrous scrap	Turkey	62.7%	Moldova · 17.6%	$583 million
Railway freight cars	Germany	54.4%	Hungary · 12.5%	$455 million
Other electrical devices	United States	50.7%	China · 11.8%	$445 million
Cargo and cruise ships	Norway	88%over 75%	Indonesia · 4%	$402 million
Plastic building fittings	Italy	61.6%	France · 10.2%	$389 million
Alloy steel ingots and semi-finished products	United States	94.6%over 75%	Canada · 4.3%	$316 million
Warships and other vessels	Norway	51.7%	Pakistan · 40.3%	$292 million
Semi-finished steel	United States	86.4%over 75%	Canada · 5%	$274 million
Speedometers, taximeters and counters	Germany	56.3%	Czechia · 7.2%	$266 million
Footwear parts	Italy	81.8%over 75%	Germany · 6.2%	$218 million
Radar, GPS receivers and remote controls	Germany	58.1%	United States · 14.1%	$169 million
Jewelry	Italy	91.9%over 75%	Poland · 2.5%	$103 million

and 195 more

Leaving out trade within the EU

Largest supplier outside the EU: China: 21.9%
Concentration (HHI) · Supplier: 1,029
Largest customer outside the EU: United Kingdom: 13.6%
Concentration (HHI) · Customer: 612

485 of the 788 products Romania buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Romania buys of that product; in 186, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 37.8% of what Romania buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

Rank	Country	HHI
185	Benin	678
186	Bosnia and Herzegovina	666
187	Romania	662
188	Tunisia	660
189	Sweden	654
190	India	627

Links

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

CEPII BACI · Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0
Natural Earth · Public domain

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.

Who does Romania rely on?

Summary