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Who does Sweden rely on?

The largest supplier of Sweden in 2024 is Germany, with 16.3% of what Sweden buys. Its share was 17.8% in 2019 and 20% in 1995. 255 of the 1,046 products Sweden buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Sweden buys of that product; in 64, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 12.6% of what Sweden buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: Germany
16.3%
Concentration (HHI)
654
Products with a supplier above 50%
255
Products with a supplier above 75%
64

Concentration index (HHI): 654 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 15 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 0.72% to 6.8% of what Sweden buys

Share (%)

  • Germany 16.3%
  • Netherlands 9.9%
  • Norway 8%
  • China 6.8%
  • Denmark 6.5%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995Germany20%
1996Germany18.9%
1997Germany18.6%
1998Germany18.5%
1999Germany17.8%
2000Germany16.9%
2001Germany17.4%
2002Germany18.2%
2003Germany18.2%
2004Germany18.4%
2005Germany18%
2006Germany17.6%
2007Germany17.9%
2008Germany17.2%
2009Germany17%
2010Germany17.8%
2011Germany18.5%
2012Germany16.9%
2013Germany17.4%
2014Germany17.1%
2015Germany17.4%
2016Germany18.7%
2017Germany19.2%
2018Germany18%
2019Germany17.8%
2020Germany18.3%
2021Germany17%
2022Germany15.4%
2023Germany16.6%
2024Germany16.3%

Its suppliers

  1. Germany$28.6 billion · 16.3%
  2. Netherlands$17.3 billion · 9.9%
  3. Norway$14.1 billion · 8%
  4. China$11.9 billion · 6.8%
  5. Denmark$11.4 billion · 6.5%
  6. Belgium$8.4 billion · 4.8%
  7. Finland$8.3 billion · 4.7%
  8. Poland$8.1 billion · 4.6%
  9. United States$7.3 billion · 4.2%
  10. France$6.2 billion · 3.5%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,046 products Sweden buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
Crude petroleumNorway50.3%United States · 13.6%$11.1 billion
ComputersNetherlands56.7%Germany · 13.1%$5.1 billion
BatteriesChina54.5%Germany · 14.5%$2.2 billion
Fish filletsNorway85.7%over 75%Denmark · 3.6%$1.3 billion
Turbojets and gas turbinesUnited States52.2%United Kingdom · 7.5%$1.1 billion
Slag and ash with metalsFinland65.3%Germany · 12.1%$650 million
Motor and generator partsGermany77.3%over 75%Italy · 3.5%$643 million
Open-chain hydrocarbonsUnited States66.3%Netherlands · 11.3%$548 million
Unwrought aluminumNorway73.8%Netherlands · 4.9%$527 million
CoalAustralia58.7%United States · 23.2%$506 million
Nitrogen heterocyclic compoundsFrance56.9%Switzerland · 21.9%$493 million
Coal tar oilsSaudi Arabia69.5%Netherlands · 13.3%$458 million
Cargo and cruise shipsChina63.9%Netherlands · 9.6%$381 million
Electric locomotivesGermany92.1%over 75%Romania · 4%$373 million
ElectricityNorway52%Denmark · 19.3%$371 million
Fresh fishNorway93.1%over 75%Denmark · 3.4%$362 million
Video game consoles and gamesNetherlands54.6%Germany · 13.5%$355 million
Zinc oreBrazil51.9%Peru · 29.4%$324 million
Stainless steel ingots and semi-finished productsUnited Kingdom82.3%over 75%Italy · 11.8%$302 million
Poultry meatDenmark58.6%Netherlands · 13.3%$257 million
Industrial fatty acidsNetherlands70.2%Malaysia · 14.5%$251 million
Poultry, beekeeping and forestry machineryFinland55.6%Germany · 11.8%$245 million
Self-propelled trains and tramsGermany56%Switzerland · 39.4%$234 million
Dried, salted and smoked fishNorway84.8%over 75%Poland · 6.7%$223 million
Sawn woodNorway70.6%Estonia · 7.8%$214 million

and 230 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: Germany
9.7%
Concentration (HHI)
472

Concentration index (HHI): 472 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 21 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

Germany went from 11.8% to 9.7% of what Sweden sells

Share (%)

  • Germany 9.7%
  • United States 9.7%
  • Denmark 7.6%
  • Norway 6%
  • Netherlands 5.6%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995Germany11.8%
1996Germany11.1%
1997Germany9.8%
1998Germany10.7%
1999Germany9.8%
2000United States10.7%
2001United States10.9%
2002United States11.3%
2003United States11.3%
2004United States10.7%
2005United States10.9%
2006Germany10.4%
2007Germany10.2%
2008Germany10.5%
2009Germany10.5%
2010Germany10.8%
2011Germany9.9%
2012Germany10%
2013Germany10.3%
2014Germany10.4%
2015Germany10.5%
2016Germany11%
2017Germany10.9%
2018Germany10.7%
2019Germany10.5%
2020Germany10.7%
2021Germany10.5%
2022Germany9.8%
2023Germany10.1%
2024Germany9.7%

188 of the 939 products Sweden sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Sweden sells of that product; in 59, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 4.5% of what Sweden sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
GoldUnited Kingdom74.1%Switzerland · 16%$1.4 billion
ComputersDenmark55%Norway · 5.2%$1.1 billion
Nitrogen heterocyclic compoundsBelgium55.7%Russia · 16.6%$746 million
Natural gas and LPGPoland54.2%Norway · 14.8%$649 million
Vacuum cleanersBelgium64.1%United States · 7.5%$620 million
CatalystsGermany73.5%Slovakia · 9.5%$584 million
Airplanes and helicoptersUnited Arab Emirates60.1%Brazil · 10.5%$553 million
Spark-ignition enginesBelgium66.4%China · 19.9%$499 million
Refined copperGermany88.1%over 75%Italy · 7.7%$382 million
Other processed tobaccoNorway69.6%United States · 7.5%$379 million
Monitors and projectorsDenmark55.2%Norway · 6.3%$317 million
HormonesAustralia51.1%United States · 14.9%$304 million
Oxygen heterocyclic compoundsRussia95.7%over 75%France · 1%$246 million
Direct-reduced ironSaudi Arabia98.7%over 75%United States · 0.94%$238 million
Copper oreBelgium76.1%over 75%Finland · 14.5%$211 million

and 173 more

Leaving out trade within the EU

Largest supplier outside the EU: Norway
23.4%
Concentration (HHI) · Supplier
1,235
Largest customer outside the EU: United States
20.6%
Concentration (HHI) · Customer
884

486 of the 862 products Sweden buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Sweden buys of that product; in 199, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 40% of what Sweden buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
187Romania662
188Tunisia660
189Sweden654
190India627
191Côte d'Ivoire624
192Finland624

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.