Largest supplier: Germany: 19.3%
Concentration (HHI): 785
Products with a supplier above 50%: 243
Products with a supplier above 75%: 49

Concentration index (HHI): 785 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 13 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 1.9% to 8.3% of what Denmark buys

Share (%)

Germany 19.3%
Sweden 11.3%
Netherlands 9%
China 8.3%
United States 5.3%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers

Year	Largest supplier	Share
1995	Germany	21.9%
1996	Germany	21.1%
1997	Germany	21.2%
1998	Germany	21.4%
1999	Germany	21.3%
2000	Germany	20.3%
2001	Germany	22%
2002	Germany	21.5%
2003	Germany	23.1%
2004	Germany	21.1%
2005	Germany	20.9%
2006	Germany	21.5%
2007	Germany	21.3%
2008	Germany	20.7%
2009	Germany	20.3%
2010	Germany	20.5%
2011	Germany	20.4%
2012	Germany	20.7%
2013	Germany	20.7%
2014	Germany	20.2%
2015	Germany	20.5%
2016	Germany	21.6%
2017	Germany	20.9%
2018	Germany	21.8%
2019	Germany	21.1%
2020	Germany	21.6%
2021	Germany	20.6%
2022	Germany	20.2%
2023	Germany	20.1%
2024	Germany	19.3%

Its suppliers

Germany$23.7 billion · 19.3%
Sweden$14 billion · 11.3%
Netherlands$11 billion · 9%
China$10.2 billion · 8.3%
United States$6.5 billion · 5.3%
Norway$6.1 billion · 4.9%
Poland$6 billion · 4.9%
Italy$4.2 billion · 3.5%
France$4.2 billion · 3.4%
Belgium$4 billion · 3.3%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,010 products Denmark buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

Product	Supplier	Share	Second	Value
Crude petroleum	United States	70%	Norway · 19.3%	$3 billion
Cargo and cruise ships	South Korea	65.5%	Panama · 7.2%	$2.6 billion
Fresh fish	Norway	78.7%over 75%	Sweden · 7.1%	$1.3 billion
Airplanes and helicopters	United States	73.1%	Canada · 10.3%	$1.2 billion
Hormones	United States	77.1%over 75%	Portugal · 15.4%	$736 million
Natural gas and LPG	Norway	91.5%over 75%	Germany · 4.5%	$713 million
Unwrought aluminum	Norway	88.9%over 75%	France · 3.2%	$618 million
Frozen fish	Greenland	51.8%	Canada · 11.9%	$511 million
Prepared meat	Germany	50.6%	Netherlands · 16.9%	$461 million
Semi-finished steel	Russia	65.6%	Germany · 14.2%	$436 million
Aircraft parts	United States	54%	United Kingdom · 18.4%	$368 million
Crustaceans (shrimp, lobster, crab)	Greenland	68.6%	Norway · 7.8%	$346 million
Generating sets	Germany	75.9%over 75%	Finland · 5.2%	$301 million
Monitors and projectors	Sweden	61%	Poland · 9.1%	$286 million
Live plants and cuttings	Netherlands	57.5%	Germany · 19.6%	$224 million
Chassis with engines	Netherlands	70.1%	Sweden · 28.3%	$186 million
Fragrance mixtures	Ireland	61.4%	Germany · 12.3%	$182 million
Amide compounds	China	62.8%	United States · 19.6%	$174 million
Turbojets and gas turbines	United States	58.6%	United Kingdom · 17.4%	$167 million
Pork	Germany	57.4%	Poland · 12.8%	$165 million
Nitrogen fertilizers	Germany	56.4%	Poland · 9.4%	$164 million
Coated paper	Sweden	50.8%	Germany · 20.2%	$161 million
Hydrogenated fats and oils	Germany	51.4%	Netherlands · 16.3%	$153 million
Fresh milk and cream	Germany	84%over 75%	Sweden · 4.7%	$145 million
Gravel and crushed stone	Norway	86.1%over 75%	Sweden · 6.3%	$145 million

and 218 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: Germany: 13.2%
Concentration (HHI): 521

Concentration index (HHI): 521 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 19 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

Germany went from 19.6% to 13.2% of what Denmark sells

Share (%)

Germany 13.2%
Sweden 9.9%
United States 8.2%
Netherlands 5.9%
United Kingdom 5.3%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers

Year	Largest customer	Share
1995	Germany	19.6%
1996	Germany	18.6%
1997	Germany	17.8%
1998	Germany	17.9%
1999	Germany	17.2%
2000	Germany	15.8%
2001	Germany	17%
2002	Germany	17.3%
2003	Germany	15.6%
2004	Germany	14.8%
2005	Germany	15.4%
2006	Germany	14.4%
2007	Germany	14.4%
2008	Germany	15%
2009	Germany	15%
2010	Germany	14.9%
2011	Germany	14.9%
2012	Germany	14%
2013	Germany	14.3%
2014	Germany	14.7%
2015	Germany	14%
2016	Germany	13.2%
2017	Germany	13.9%
2018	Germany	13.7%
2019	Germany	12.3%
2020	Germany	12.2%
2021	Germany	12.3%
2022	Germany	14.1%
2023	Germany	13.3%
2024	Germany	13.2%

165 of the 904 products Denmark sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Denmark sells of that product; in 44, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 6.3% of what Denmark sells.

Product	Customer	Share	Second	Value
Cars	Germany	54.4%	Netherlands · 17.8%	$2 billion
Electricity	Germany	53.6%	United Kingdom · 26.1%	$1.8 billion
Hormones	China	77.5%over 75%	United States · 11%	$1.4 billion
Crude petroleum	Sweden	53.5%	Germany · 18.3%	$749 million
Ferrous scrap	Turkey	61.3%	Germany · 7.8%	$587 million
Other processed tobacco	Germany	51.1%	Italy · 11.3%	$365 million
Edible offal	China	76.3%over 75%	Germany · 4.2%	$348 million
Fish oil and marine fats	Norway	78.7%over 75%	United Kingdom · 11.2%	$339 million
Raw furskins	Cambodia	54.7%	Thailand · 32.4%	$326 million
Fresh milk and cream	Germany	66.7%	Philippines · 8.7%	$254 million
Cured and smoked meat	United Kingdom	75.2%over 75%	Sweden · 7.3%	$245 million
Natural gas and LPG	Sweden	80.8%over 75%	Netherlands · 8.2%	$197 million
Coffee	Lithuania	54.7%	Sweden · 9.4%	$161 million
Cane and beet sugar	Norway	55.9%	Sweden · 17.7%	$160 million
Rapeseed and mustard oil	Sweden	54%	Norway · 27.2%	$160 million

and 150 more

Leaving out trade within the EU

Largest supplier outside the EU: China: 24.5%
Concentration (HHI) · Supplier: 1,181
Largest customer outside the EU: United States: 17.7%
Concentration (HHI) · Customer: 733

492 of the 791 products Denmark buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Denmark buys of that product; in 202, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 46.3% of what Denmark buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

Rank	Country	HHI
164	Azerbaijan	798
165	Malawi	797
166	Denmark	785
167	Ukraine	785
168	Latvia	784
169	Poland	784

Links

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

CEPII BACI · Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0
Natural Earth · Public domain

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.

Who does Denmark rely on?

Summary