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Who does Canada rely on?

The largest supplier of Canada in 2024 is the United States, with 49.8% of what Canada buys. Its share was 50.9% in 2019 and 68% in 1995. 638 of the 1,129 products Canada buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Canada buys of that product; in 274, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 39.3% of what Canada buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: United States
49.8%
Concentration (HHI)
2,682
Products with a supplier above 50%
638
Products with a supplier above 75%
274

Concentration index (HHI): 2,682 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 4 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

The United States went from 68% to 49.8% of what Canada buys

Share (%)

  • United States 49.8%
  • China 11.2%
  • Mexico 6.2%
  • Germany 3.1%
  • Japan 2.8%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995United States68%
1996United States68.5%
1997United States68.7%
1998United States69.3%
1999United States68.6%
2000United States65.6%
2001United States64.9%
2002United States63.3%
2003United States60.9%
2004United States58.9%
2005United States56.9%
2006United States55.3%
2007United States54.8%
2008United States53.1%
2009United States51.6%
2010United States51.1%
2011United States50%
2012United States51.1%
2013United States52.8%
2014United States54.8%
2015United States55.5%
2016United States54.7%
2017United States53.7%
2018United States51.6%
2019United States50.9%
2020United States48.8%
2021United States48.6%
2022United States49.9%
2023United States50.5%
2024United States49.8%

Its suppliers

  1. United States$258.1 billion · 49.8%
  2. China$57.9 billion · 11.2%
  3. Mexico$32 billion · 6.2%
  4. Germany$15.8 billion · 3.1%
  5. Japan$14.6 billion · 2.8%
  6. South Korea$11.7 billion · 2.3%
  7. Vietnam$10.4 billion · 2%
  8. Italy$8.3 billion · 1.6%
  9. Brazil$6.7 billion · 1.3%
  10. United Kingdom$6.6 billion · 1.3%

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,129 products Canada buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
TrucksUnited States76.2%over 75%Mexico · 19.9%$19.2 billion
Auto partsUnited States68.4%China · 9.4%$17.8 billion
Crude petroleumUnited States70.8%Saudi Arabia · 9.2%$15.4 billion
Refined petroleumUnited States79.2%over 75%Netherlands · 6.3%$15.2 billion
Turbojets and gas turbinesUnited States58.6%Poland · 7.9%$7.4 billion
Aircraft partsUnited States50.2%United Kingdom · 12.7%$5.2 billion
TractorsUnited States62.1%Mexico · 20.8%$5.1 billion
Precious metal scrapUnited States92.9%over 75%Indonesia · 2.9%$4.7 billion
Spark-ignition enginesUnited States87.7%over 75%Mexico · 3.2%$4.7 billion
Valves and tapsUnited States53.9%China · 16.9%$3.7 billion
BatteriesUnited States50.7%China · 23.3%$3.6 billion
Other plastic articlesUnited States52.2%China · 18.7%$3.2 billion
Centrifuges and filtersUnited States64.2%China · 7.7%$3.2 billion
Transmission shafts, gears and gearboxesUnited States55.4%China · 8%$3.1 billion
Liquid pumpsUnited States60.1%China · 10.7%$2.9 billion
Plastic packagingUnited States71.5%China · 16.9%$2.8 billion
TrailersUnited States80.6%over 75%China · 8.3%$2.5 billion
Control panelsUnited States52.6%Mexico · 15.3%$2.3 billion
Other food preparationsUnited States78.6%over 75%China · 2.6%$2.3 billion
Engine partsUnited States55.1%Mexico · 24.5%$2.3 billion
Air pumps, compressors and fansUnited States55%China · 13.8%$2.3 billion
Bread, biscuits and pastriesUnited States69.3%Mexico · 4.4%$2.2 billion
Harvesters and farm machineryUnited States65.2%Germany · 11%$2.2 billion
Detergents and surfactantsUnited States86.6%over 75%China · 2.5%$2.1 billion
Industrial fatty acids and oilsUnited States74.8%China · 13.2%$2.1 billion

and 613 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: United States
73.2%
Concentration (HHI)
5,398

Concentration index (HHI): 5,398 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 2 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

China went from 1.8% to 5.2% of what Canada sells

Share (%)

  • United States 73.2%
  • China 5.2%
  • Japan 2.2%
  • Mexico 1.7%
  • United Kingdom 1.5%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995United States74.3%
1996United States75.6%
1997United States77.1%
1998United States78.9%
1999United States81.2%
2000United States81.1%
2001United States81.2%
2002United States81.6%
2003United States81.4%
2004United States80.4%
2005United States80.4%
2006United States78.5%
2007United States75.5%
2008United States73.7%
2009United States71.5%
2010United States72.4%
2011United States71.1%
2012United States71.9%
2013United States71.6%
2014United States73.1%
2015United States71.8%
2016United States71.4%
2017United States71.6%
2018United States69.2%
2019United States70%
2020United States70.5%
2021United States72.1%
2022United States72.8%
2023United States70.9%
2024United States73.2%

835 of the 1,002 products Canada sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Canada sells of that product; in 561, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 70.5% of what Canada sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
Crude petroleumUnited States94.3%over 75%China · 1.6%$108.5 billion
CarsUnited States92.4%over 75%Mexico · 1.3%$30.7 billion
Refined petroleumUnited States85.9%over 75%Peru · 3.9%$14.9 billion
Auto partsUnited States88%over 75%Mexico · 9.5%$13 billion
Natural gas and LPGUnited States83.9%over 75%Japan · 11.7%$10.6 billion
Airplanes and helicoptersUnited States59.7%United Kingdom · 5.3%$10.3 billion
Medicines in measured doses or retail packsUnited States51.1%Japan · 6.9%$10.2 billion
Turbojets and gas turbinesUnited States56.8%Singapore · 9.3%$10.2 billion
Unwrought aluminumUnited States92.2%over 75%Mexico · 3.2%$8.4 billion
TrucksUnited States98.7%over 75%Israel · 0.14%$7.3 billion
Sawn woodUnited States84.3%over 75%Japan · 5%$6.6 billion
Bread, biscuits and pastriesUnited States96%over 75%Mexico · 1.8%$5.6 billion
PolyethyleneUnited States75.7%over 75%China · 7.7%$4.6 billion
Rapeseed and mustard oilUnited States95.8%over 75%Mexico · 2.2%$4.4 billion
Rapeseed (canola)China70.8%Japan · 11.1%$4.2 billion

and 820 more

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
28Guinea2,746
29Curaçao2,740
30Canada2,682
31South Sudan2,541
32Eritrea2,476
33Ghana2,470

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.