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Who does Indonesia rely on?

The largest supplier of Indonesia in 2024 is China, with 32.4% of what Indonesia buys. Its share was 26.1% in 2019 and 3.8% in 1995. 554 of the 1,038 products Indonesia buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Indonesia buys of that product; in 211, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 33.7% of what Indonesia buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: China
32.4%
Concentration (HHI)
1,307
Products with a supplier above 50%
554
Products with a supplier above 75%
211

Concentration index (HHI): 1,307 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 8 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 3.8% to 32.4% of what Indonesia buys

Share (%)

  • China 32.4%
  • Singapore 9%
  • Japan 6.2%
  • United States 5%
  • Malaysia 4.7%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995Japan22.4%
1996Japan20.2%
1997Japan19.3%
1998Japan15.4%
1999Japan12.5%
2000Japan16.1%
2001Japan15.5%
2002Japan14.2%
2003Singapore13.2%
2004Singapore13.5%
2005Singapore16.4%
2006Singapore16.6%
2007Singapore14.2%
2008Singapore17.2%
2009Singapore15.9%
2010China15.4%
2011Singapore15.2%
2012China15.6%
2013China16.7%
2014China17.6%
2015China21%
2016China22.8%
2017China22.8%
2018China24.1%
2019China26.1%
2020China27.8%
2021China29.1%
2022China28.7%
2023China28.6%
2024China32.4%

Its suppliers

  1. China$75 billion · 32.4%
  2. Singapore$20.9 billion · 9%
  3. Japan$14.2 billion · 6.2%
  4. United States$11.7 billion · 5%
  5. Malaysia$10.8 billion · 4.7%
  6. Australia$10.1 billion · 4.4%
  7. Thailand$9.7 billion · 4.2%
  8. South Korea$8.9 billion · 3.8%
  9. Vietnam$6.5 billion · 2.8%
  10. India$6 billion · 2.6%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,038 products Indonesia buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
Refined petroleumSingapore51.7%Malaysia · 21%$20.3 billion
Cameras and broadcast equipmentChina78.2%over 75%Singapore · 6.1%$3.9 billion
Natural gas and LPGUnited States52.9%Qatar · 10.6%$3.8 billion
CoalAustralia50.2%Russia · 24.4%$3.6 billion
ComputersChina63.9%Singapore · 17.9%$3 billion
Cane and beet sugarBrazil61.2%Thailand · 20%$2.9 billion
Phones and telecom equipmentChina70.9%South Korea · 11.5%$2.8 billion
Other industrial machinesChina53.1%Malaysia · 15.7%$2.2 billion
Soybean meal and pelletsBrazil78.7%over 75%Argentina · 16.6%$2.2 billion
Bulldozers and excavatorsChina65.5%Japan · 15.2%$1.9 billion
Iron oreAustralia70.8%Brazil · 14%$1.5 billion
Centrifuges and filtersChina60.9%United States · 5.4%$1.4 billion
SoybeansUnited States89.6%over 75%Canada · 9.4%$1.4 billion
Water heaters and industrial dryersChina62.4%Malaysia · 4.7%$1.4 billion
Synthetic filament fabricChina73.8%Taiwan · 8.4%$1.4 billion
Cables and wireChina65%Singapore · 6.4%$1.3 billion
Steel structuresChina85.3%over 75%Malaysia · 7%$1.3 billion
Transformers and power suppliesChina63.6%Japan · 5.8%$1.2 billion
Control panelsChina55.7%Singapore · 12.3%$1.2 billion
Air pumps, compressors and fansChina51.9%Japan · 8.6%$1.2 billion
Coated flat steelChina57.1%South Korea · 19.6%$989 million
Air conditionersChina56.2%Thailand · 28.8%$949 million
Sorting and crushing machinesChina67.9%Australia · 6.7%$925 million
Parts for broadcast equipmentChina66.6%South Korea · 12.4%$921 million
Motorcycle and bicycle partsChina62.6%Thailand · 11.9%$893 million

and 529 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: China
22.5%
Concentration (HHI)
844

Concentration index (HHI): 844 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 12 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

Japan went from 26% to 7.4% of what Indonesia sells

Share (%)

  • China 22.5%
  • United States 9.8%
  • India 8.1%
  • Japan 7.4%
  • Singapore 5%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995Japan26%
1996Japan24.5%
1997Japan22.6%
1998Japan17.8%
1999Japan19.8%
2000Japan21%
2001Japan20%
2002Japan19.2%
2003Japan19.4%
2004Japan18.6%
2005Japan18.7%
2006Japan18%
2007Japan17.5%
2008Japan18.7%
2009Japan15%
2010Japan15.7%
2011Japan15.1%
2012Japan14.2%
2013Japan13.3%
2014Japan12.1%
2015United States11.2%
2016United States11.5%
2017China13.2%
2018China14.8%
2019China15.7%
2020China18.5%
2021China22.5%
2022China21.2%
2023China23.2%
2024China22.5%

288 of the 843 products Indonesia sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Indonesia sells of that product; in 103, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 18.4% of what Indonesia sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
FerroalloysChina94.2%over 75%India · 2.6%$13.3 billion
LigniteChina96.7%over 75%Serbia · 1.3%$9.8 billion
Nickel matteChina78.7%over 75%Japan · 13.5%$7.7 billion
Chemical wood pulpChina71.3%India · 9.1%$2.8 billion
Crude petroleumThailand68.4%Singapore · 9%$2.7 billion
MargarineChina60%United States · 3.9%$1.8 billion
Hydrogenated fats and oilsChina55.2%Malaysia · 10.1%$1.7 billion
Dissolving wood pulpChina85.3%over 75%Malaysia · 8.6%$1.5 billion
CokeIndia50.1%Turkey · 11.4%$1.5 billion
Prepared shellfishUnited States59.7%China · 11.9%$1.4 billion
FurnitureUnited States54.4%Japan · 7.6%$1.3 billion
Sweaters and pulloversUnited States60.9%Japan · 6%$1.2 billion
Crustaceans (shrimp, lobster, crab)United States57.3%Japan · 18.6%$1.2 billion
GoldSingapore71.7%Hong Kong · 22.2%$1.2 billion
Precious metal oreChina100%over 75%Sweden · 0%$1.1 billion

and 273 more

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
103Peru1,327
104Gabon1,317
105Indonesia1,307
106Yemen1,297
107Palau1,291
108Seychelles1,280

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.