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Who does Peru rely on?

The largest supplier of Peru in 2024 is China, with 29.2% of what Peru buys. Its share was 24.6% in 2019 and 3.5% in 1995. 450 of the 863 products Peru buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Peru buys of that product; in 187, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 35.2% of what Peru buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: China
29.2%
Concentration (HHI)
1,327
Products with a supplier above 50%
450
Products with a supplier above 75%
187

Concentration index (HHI): 1,327 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 8 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 3.5% to 29.2% of what Peru buys

Share (%)

  • China 29.2%
  • United States 18.6%
  • Brazil 6.1%
  • Argentina 4.8%
  • Mexico 3%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995United States25.5%
1996United States26.2%
1997United States26.7%
1998United States27%
1999United States27.4%
2000United States22.9%
2001United States23.5%
2002United States19.8%
2003United States18.9%
2004United States18.8%
2005United States17.5%
2006United States15.8%
2007United States17.3%
2008United States18.7%
2009United States19.7%
2010United States20.6%
2011United States19%
2012United States20.1%
2013United States21.5%
2014China20.9%
2015China23.1%
2016China22.6%
2017China22%
2018China23.4%
2019China24.6%
2020China29%
2021China28.6%
2022China26.3%
2023China26.3%
2024China29.2%

Its suppliers

  1. China$16 billion · 29.2%
  2. United States$10.2 billion · 18.6%
  3. Brazil$3.3 billion · 6.1%
  4. Argentina$2.7 billion · 4.8%
  5. Mexico$1.7 billion · 3%
  6. Ecuador$1.5 billion · 2.8%
  7. Canada$1.4 billion · 2.6%
  8. Chile$1.4 billion · 2.6%
  9. Colombia$1.4 billion · 2.6%
  10. India$1.2 billion · 2.2%

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 863 products Peru buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
Refined petroleumUnited States81%over 75%Canada · 12.5%$4.6 billion
Cameras and broadcast equipmentChina68.8%Vietnam · 15%$1.7 billion
CornArgentina96.5%over 75%Thailand · 0.88%$969 million
ComputersChina74.2%Mexico · 10.9%$824 million
WheatCanada77.7%over 75%Argentina · 13.3%$648 million
ToysChina96.1%over 75%Vietnam · 1.2%$522 million
Soybean oilArgentina60.1%Bolivia · 20%$514 million
PolyethyleneUnited States57.9%Brazil · 10.1%$463 million
Monitors and projectorsChina60.7%Mexico · 33.3%$414 million
Coated flat steelChina77.9%over 75%Japan · 14.8%$363 million
Ferrous scrapUnited States74.8%Chile · 13.8%$362 million
Natural gas and LPGUnited States82.7%over 75%Chile · 7.1%$353 million
Refrigerators, freezers and heat pumpsChina55.5%Colombia · 9.9%$344 million
Rubber and plastic footwearChina55.2%Vietnam · 17.3%$334 million
Cables and wireChina59.9%United States · 8.3%$315 million
Polyethers, polyesters and epoxy resinsChina82.4%over 75%United States · 6.3%$293 million
Precious metal oreColombia64%Bolivia · 20%$272 million
MotorcyclesChina65.9%India · 23.6%$240 million
Textile footwearChina51.6%Vietnam · 24.8%$228 million
Other iron or steel articlesChina61.3%United States · 16.3%$223 million
Hot-rolled flat steelChina75.7%over 75%Japan · 19.5%$220 million
Bags, suitcases and casesChina87.5%over 75%Vietnam · 3.4%$218 million
Steel barsBrazil63.8%Turkey · 28.5%$212 million
Transformers and power suppliesChina54.1%United States · 6.7%$206 million
Cotton yarnIndia86.2%over 75%Indonesia · 4.1%$187 million

and 425 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: China
32.9%
Concentration (HHI)
1,402

Concentration index (HHI): 1,402 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 7 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

China went from 6.3% to 32.9% of what Peru sells

Share (%)

  • China 32.9%
  • United States 12.9%
  • India 6.1%
  • Canada 5.3%
  • Japan 4.2%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995United States18%
1996United States19.8%
1997United States24.1%
1998United States31.9%
1999United States29.5%
2000United States27.5%
2001United States24.8%
2002United States25.3%
2003United States26.6%
2004United States29.1%
2005United States29.5%
2006United States24.2%
2007United States19.3%
2008United States17.9%
2009United States15.9%
2010United States16.9%
2011China14.7%
2012China15.5%
2013United States18.6%
2014China17.7%
2015China20%
2016China22.6%
2017China25.7%
2018China26.9%
2019China28.7%
2020China27.4%
2021China31%
2022China28.9%
2023China33.5%
2024China32.9%

220 of the 492 products Peru sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Peru sells of that product; in 98, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 37.1% of what Peru sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
Copper oreChina75.9%over 75%Japan · 8.3%$20.6 billion
Other fresh fruit (berries, kiwi)United States50.5%Netherlands · 17.8%$2.6 billion
Precious metal oreChina95.8%over 75%South Korea · 2.8%$2.3 billion
Iron oreChina97.1%over 75%Japan · 2.9%$1.9 billion
GrapesUnited States50.1%Mexico · 7.7%$1.7 billion
Meat and fish mealChina86.9%over 75%Japan · 3.8%$1.6 billion
Lead oreChina75.8%over 75%South Korea · 19.6%$1.1 billion
Natural phosphatesUnited States62.4%Brazil · 23.8%$589 million
T-shirtsUnited States62%Brazil · 10%$475 million
Other fresh vegetablesUnited States64%Spain · 12%$471 million
Citrus fruitUnited States52.4%Netherlands · 9%$403 million
Men's knitted shirtsUnited States64.4%Brazil · 8.2%$259 million
Cocoa butterUnited States58.1%Germany · 12.1%$256 million
Pet and animal feedEcuador92.1%over 75%Panama · 2.3%$229 million
Copper plates and stripUnited States85.1%over 75%Mexico · 9.3%$221 million

and 205 more

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
101Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1,345
102Austria1,328
103Peru1,327
104Gabon1,317
105Indonesia1,307
106Yemen1,297

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.