Who does Bulgaria rely on?

1. China$5.6 billion · 10.7%
2. Germany$5.2 billion · 9.9%
3. Turkey$4.5 billion · 8.6%
4. Italy$2.8 billion · 5.3%
5. Romania$2.5 billion · 4.7%
6. Greece$1.8 billion · 3.4%
7. Poland$1.7 billion · 3.2%
8. Kazakhstan$1.6 billion · 3%
9. Netherlands$1.3 billion · 2.4%
10. Ukraine$1.3 billion · 2.4%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Of the 940 products Bulgaria buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

and 220 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Largest customer: Germany

14.4%

Concentration (HHI)

569

Concentration index (HHI): 569 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 18 customers of the same size

218 of the 793 products Bulgaria sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Bulgaria sells of that product; in 82, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 19.2% of what Bulgaria sells.

and 203 more

Largest supplier outside the EU: China

19.5%

Concentration (HHI) · Supplier

767

Largest customer outside the EU: Turkey

17.5%

Concentration (HHI) · Customer

577

439 of the 759 products Bulgaria buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Bulgaria buys of that product; in 170, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 28.1% of what Bulgaria buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

• Trade profile of Bulgaria
• Trade between Bulgaria and Austria
• Trade between Bulgaria and Belgium
• Trade between Bulgaria and China
• Trade between Bulgaria and Czechia
• Trade between Bulgaria and Egypt
• Trade between Bulgaria and France
• Trade between Bulgaria and Germany
• Trade between Bulgaria and Greece
• Trade between Bulgaria and Hungary
• Trade between Bulgaria and Italy
• Trade between Bulgaria and Kazakhstan
• Trade between Bulgaria and the Netherlands
• Trade between Bulgaria and Poland
• Trade between Bulgaria and Romania
• Trade between Bulgaria and Serbia
• Trade between Bulgaria and Spain
• Trade between Bulgaria and Switzerland
• Trade between Bulgaria and Turkey
• Trade between Bulgaria and Ukraine
• Trade between Bulgaria and the United Kingdom
• Trade between Bulgaria and the United States
• Dependence of Bulgaria on China
• Dependence of Bulgaria on Ukraine
• Dependence of Bulgaria on Turkey
• All countries

Sources and licenses

• CEPII BACI · Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0
• Natural Earth · Public domain

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.