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Who does Australia rely on?

The largest supplier of Australia in 2024 is China, with 26% of what Australia buys. Its share was 25.5% in 2019 and 5% in 1995. 450 of the 1,059 products Australia buys for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Australia buys of that product; in 120, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 18.7% of what Australia buys.

Summary

Largest supplier: China
26%
Concentration (HHI)
1,003
Products with a supplier above 50%
450
Products with a supplier above 75%
120

Concentration index (HHI): 1,003 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 10 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

China went from 5% to 26% of what Australia buys

Share (%)

  • China 26%
  • United States 11.8%
  • Japan 5.9%
  • South Korea 5.8%
  • Thailand 4.9%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest supplierShare
1995United States22.2%
1996United States23.1%
1997United States21.8%
1998United States21.8%
1999United States20.5%
2000United States19.1%
2001United States17.9%
2002United States17.9%
2003United States15.6%
2004United States14.5%
2005China13.9%
2006China14.5%
2007China15.7%
2008China15.9%
2009China18.5%
2010China19.3%
2011China18.8%
2012China18.4%
2013China20.1%
2014China20.5%
2015China22.9%
2016China23.1%
2017China22.9%
2018China24.8%
2019China25.5%
2020China28.4%
2021China28.1%
2022China27.4%
2023China25.4%
2024China26%

Its suppliers

  1. China$75.2 billion · 26%
  2. United States$34.2 billion · 11.8%
  3. Japan$17.1 billion · 5.9%
  4. South Korea$16.6 billion · 5.8%
  5. Thailand$14 billion · 4.9%
  6. Germany$12.6 billion · 4.4%
  7. Malaysia$11.5 billion · 4%
  8. Singapore$10 billion · 3.5%
  9. Vietnam$7.9 billion · 2.7%
  10. India$7.8 billion · 2.7%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,059 products Australia buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

ProductSupplierShareSecondValue
Cameras and broadcast equipmentChina56.5%Vietnam · 13.7%$8.2 billion
ComputersChina54.1%United States · 15.5%$7.6 billion
Airplanes and helicoptersUnited States53.2%Germany · 16.4%$3 billion
Computer and office machine partsChina56%Thailand · 6.4%$2.4 billion
FurnitureChina74%Vietnam · 6.6%$2.1 billion
Cables and wireChina59%United States · 7.6%$1.9 billion
Air conditionersThailand60.4%China · 21.9%$1.8 billion
Turbojets and gas turbinesUnited States56.9%United Kingdom · 8.4%$1.6 billion
Steel structuresChina68.1%Vietnam · 6.9%$1.6 billion
Seats and chairsChina71%Vietnam · 5.4%$1.6 billion
Women's suits and dressesChina63.8%Bangladesh · 8.5%$1.5 billion
Bags, suitcases and casesChina50.3%Italy · 14%$1.5 billion
Refrigerators, freezers and heat pumpsChina58.8%Thailand · 11%$1.4 billion
ToysChina83.3%over 75%Vietnam · 6.7%$1.3 billion
Pesticides and herbicidesChina53.4%United States · 7.8%$1.3 billion
Electric heaters and hair dryersChina63.3%Italy · 6.9%$1.3 billion
Aircraft partsUnited States69.5%France · 6.5%$1.2 billion
Microphones and speakersChina63.8%Vietnam · 16.3%$1.1 billion
TrailersChina71.9%United States · 6.6%$1.1 billion
Other iron or steel articlesChina60%United States · 6.2%$1.1 billion
Plastic packagingChina56.7%Malaysia · 9.1%$1.1 billion
Lamps and light fittingsChina78.4%over 75%Italy · 4.3%$959 million
Diodes, transistors and solar cellsChina90.1%over 75%Singapore · 1.8%$911 million
Sweaters and pulloversChina64.8%Bangladesh · 10.3%$870 million
Sports equipmentChina55.3%United States · 10.6%$813 million

and 425 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: China
36.3%
Concentration (HHI)
1,663

Concentration index (HHI): 1,663 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 6 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

China went from 4.4% to 36.3% of what Australia sells

Share (%)

  • China 36.3%
  • Japan 13.6%
  • South Korea 8.1%
  • India 5%
  • United States 4.3%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearLargest customerShare
1995Japan25.4%
1996Japan22%
1997Japan21.6%
1998Japan20.5%
1999Japan21.3%
2000Japan21.2%
2001Japan20.5%
2002Japan19.6%
2003Japan19.8%
2004Japan20.1%
2005Japan20.7%
2006Japan20.8%
2007Japan19.6%
2008Japan22%
2009China22.4%
2010China25.1%
2011China27.8%
2012China29.8%
2013China33.4%
2014China34.1%
2015China33.6%
2016China33.6%
2017China34.5%
2018China35.5%
2019China39.5%
2020China41.9%
2021China42.8%
2022China31.6%
2023China36.7%
2024China36.3%

257 of the 857 products Australia sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Australia sells of that product; in 91, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 27.2% of what Australia sells.

ProductCustomerShareSecondValue
Iron oreChina83.4%over 75%Japan · 6.1%$90.8 billion
Other mineralsChina93.6%over 75%South Korea · 3.1%$3.1 billion
Bauxite (aluminum ore)China97%over 75%South Korea · 1.2%$2.1 billion
BarleyChina74.5%Japan · 11.4%$1.8 billion
Raw woolChina85.4%over 75%India · 4.8%$1.8 billion
Vaccines, blood and antiseraUnited States72.7%Germany · 6.8%$1.7 billion
Zinc oreChina57.7%South Korea · 15.9%$1.5 billion
Other precious metal articlesUnited States99.1%over 75%United Kingdom · 0.38%$1.2 billion
Other food preparationsChina63%New Zealand · 9.6%$1.2 billion
Firewood and wood chipsChina59.2%Japan · 35.5%$1 billion
Other nuts (almonds, walnuts)China53.6%India · 11.2%$890 million
Live cattleIndonesia62%Vietnam · 13.7%$811 million
Unwrought leadUnited Kingdom50.4%United States · 18.1%$760 million
Slag and ash with metalsSouth Korea83.3%over 75%Japan · 4.9%$743 million
Aircraft partsUnited States53.4%Singapore · 12.3%$683 million

and 242 more

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

RankCountryHHI
136Burundi1,014
137Malta1,007
138Australia1,003
139Slovenia1,003
140Oman995
141Panama983

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.