Largest supplier: Spain: 32.5%
Concentration (HHI): 1,359
Products with a supplier above 50%: 414
Products with a supplier above 75%: 128

Concentration index (HHI): 1,359 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting purchases among 7 suppliers of the same size

Trend

Trend in shares

Spain went from 20.9% to 32.5% of what Portugal buys

Share (%)

Spain 32.5%
Germany 11.1%
France 7.2%
Netherlands 5.4%
Italy 5.1%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers

Year	Largest supplier	Share
1995	Spain	20.9%
1996	Spain	22.6%
1997	Spain	23.5%
1998	Spain	24.3%
1999	Spain	25.2%
2000	Spain	25.4%
2001	Spain	27%
2002	Spain	28.3%
2003	Spain	29.7%
2004	Spain	29.1%
2005	Spain	29.7%
2006	Spain	30.1%
2007	Spain	30.4%
2008	Spain	30.1%
2009	Spain	31.6%
2010	Spain	30.9%
2011	Spain	31.2%
2012	Spain	30.8%
2013	Spain	31.4%
2014	Spain	31.7%
2015	Spain	32.4%
2016	Spain	31.6%
2017	Spain	31.1%
2018	Spain	31%
2019	Spain	29.8%
2020	Spain	31.8%
2021	Spain	32.2%
2022	Spain	31.6%
2023	Spain	33.3%
2024	Spain	32.5%

Its suppliers

Spain$37.1 billion · 32.5%
Germany$12.7 billion · 11.1%
France$8.2 billion · 7.2%
Netherlands$6.2 billion · 5.4%
Italy$5.8 billion · 5.1%
China$5.7 billion · 5%
Brazil$3.8 billion · 3.4%
Belgium$3.5 billion · 3%
United States$2.6 billion · 2.3%
Ireland$2.1 billion · 1.9%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Products with a dominant supplier

Of the 1,045 products Portugal buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

Product	Supplier	Share	Second	Value
Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds	Ireland	82.8%over 75%	China · 3.7%	$1.6 billion
Electricity	Spain	100%over 75%	—	$1.1 billion
Diodes, transistors and solar cells	China	70.7%	Spain · 10.1%	$967 million
Fresh beef	Spain	53.6%	Netherlands · 19.2%	$813 million
Bread, biscuits and pastries	Spain	65.2%	Germany · 9.7%	$696 million
Cables and wire	Spain	52.5%	Germany · 8.6%	$674 million
Cargo and cruise ships	South Korea	57.4%	China · 31.6%	$645 million
Olive oil	Spain	88.3%over 75%	Tunisia · 4.6%	$633 million
Catalysts	Germany	61.8%	Poland · 32.5%	$610 million
Spark-ignition engines	Germany	83%over 75%	Hungary · 11%	$582 million
Unwrought aluminum	Spain	63.4%	Norway · 19.8%	$540 million
Soybeans	Brazil	58.6%	United States · 35.5%	$506 million
Copper wire	Spain	61.5%	Belgium · 14.4%	$500 million
Women's suits and dresses	Spain	59.4%	China · 6.7%	$485 million
Nucleic acids and other heterocycles	Netherlands	57.8%	Italy · 14.2%	$464 million
Pet and animal feed	Spain	61.3%	France · 13.3%	$461 million
Detergents and surfactants	Spain	54.9%	Netherlands · 9.5%	$449 million
Plastic packaging	Spain	56.1%	Germany · 10.5%	$413 million
Sweaters and pullovers	Spain	56.9%	Italy · 7.1%	$405 million
Pork	Spain	94.3%over 75%	Netherlands · 1.7%	$402 million
Makeup and skin care	Spain	55.2%	France · 17.5%	$400 million
Steel structures	Spain	51.1%	China · 11.3%	$376 million
Prepared shellfish	Spain	64.6%	Mauritania · 6.5%	$320 million
Toilet paper and tissues	Spain	74.3%	Germany · 6.8%	$319 million
Prepared fish and caviar	Spain	51.8%	China · 18.5%	$310 million

and 389 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Countries that sell more than 50% of some product; the darker, the higher the value of those products.

Selling: who it relies on

Largest customer: Spain: 20.9%
Concentration (HHI): 819

Concentration index (HHI): 819 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 12 customers of the same size

Trend in shares

Germany went from 20.2% to 10.8% of what Portugal sells

Share (%)

Spain 20.9%
Germany 10.8%
France 10.1%
United States 7.5%
United Kingdom 5.2%

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers

Year	Largest customer	Share
1995	Germany	20.2%
1996	Germany	20.7%
1997	Germany	19.3%
1998	Germany	20%
1999	Germany	18.8%
2000	Germany	17.7%
2001	Germany	18%
2002	Spain	19.2%
2003	Spain	21%
2004	Spain	22.6%
2005	Spain	24.5%
2006	Spain	24.2%
2007	Spain	26.9%
2008	Spain	26.2%
2009	Spain	24.4%
2010	Spain	24.1%
2011	Spain	22.5%
2012	Spain	20.2%
2013	Spain	21.6%
2014	Spain	21.5%
2015	Spain	22.1%
2016	Spain	22.7%
2017	Spain	21.3%
2018	Spain	21.5%
2019	Spain	19.9%
2020	Spain	21%
2021	Spain	22.2%
2022	Spain	21.7%
2023	Spain	21%
2024	Spain	20.9%

312 of the 901 products Portugal sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Portugal sells of that product; in 107, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 12.2% of what Portugal sells.

Product	Customer	Share	Second	Value
Bulk medicines	Canada	51.6%	United States · 36.7%	$2.3 billion
Radar, GPS receivers and remote controls	China	59%	Belgium · 11.4%	$726 million
Cigarettes and cigars	Italy	50.9%	Spain · 36.9%	$718 million
Parts for broadcast equipment	Germany	74.1%	Turkey · 10.5%	$637 million
Aircraft parts	Brazil	53.2%	France · 28.9%	$493 million
Glass bottles and jars	Spain	63.6%	France · 27.3%	$492 million
Vaccines, blood and antisera	United States	63.6%	South Korea · 29.8%	$429 million
Air pumps, compressors and fans	Germany	54.7%	Czechia · 7.5%	$354 million
Diodes, transistors and solar cells	Spain	90%over 75%	United Kingdom · 3.4%	$353 million
Electricity	Spain	100%over 75%	Netherlands · 0%	$327 million
Other knitted fabric	Morocco	54.8%	Spain · 7.1%	$324 million
Polyethylene	Spain	54.5%	Morocco · 4%	$286 million
Toilet paper and tissues	Spain	64.9%	France · 15.3%	$273 million
Aluminum structures	France	57.4%	Spain · 9.8%	$267 million
Coated flat steel	Spain	78%over 75%	France · 7%	$246 million

and 297 more

Leaving out trade within the EU

Largest supplier outside the EU: China: 19%
Concentration (HHI) · Supplier: 759
Largest customer outside the EU: United States: 19.6%
Concentration (HHI) · Customer: 806

432 of the 742 products Portugal buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Portugal buys of that product; in 170, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 23.4% of what Portugal buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

Concentration compared

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

Rank	Country	HHI
98	Ecuador	1,374
99	Brunei	1,373
100	Portugal	1,359
101	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1,345
102	Austria	1,328
103	Peru	1,327

Links

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

CEPII BACI · Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0
Natural Earth · Public domain

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.

Who does Portugal rely on?

Summary