Who does Luxembourg rely on?

1. Belgium$6.3 billion · 24.4%
2. Germany$6.2 billion · 24.3%
3. France$3 billion · 11.5%
4. Netherlands$1.3 billion · 5%
5. Italy$865 million · 3.4%
6. China$790 million · 3.1%
7. United States$662 million · 2.6%
8. Hong Kong$653 million · 2.6%
9. Poland$632 million · 2.5%
10. United Kingdom$576 million · 2.3%

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Of the 735 products Luxembourg buys for more than $1 million in 2024, these are the highest-value ones with a dominant supplier.

and 227 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

Some of these goods may have been produced in another country: countries record origin in different ways.

Largest customer: Germany

18.5%

Concentration (HHI)

755

Concentration index (HHI): 755 out of 10,000; equivalent to splitting sales among 13 customers of the same size

203 of the 500 products Luxembourg sells for more than $1 million have a customer buying more than 50% of what Luxembourg sells of that product; in 80, more than 75%. In those products, sales to each one’s dominant customer add up to 16.7% of what Luxembourg sells.

and 188 more

Largest supplier outside the EU: China

15.6%

Concentration (HHI) · Supplier

830

Largest customer outside the EU: Hong Kong

18.7%

Concentration (HHI) · Customer

806

196 of the 339 products Luxembourg buys from outside the EU for more than $1 million have a supplier selling more than 50% of what Luxembourg buys of that product; in 92, more than 75%. In those products, purchases from each one’s dominant supplier add up to 44.7% of what Luxembourg buys from outside the EU.

Who does the European Union rely on?

The closest countries in the concentration ranking (HHI, highest first).

• Trade profile of Luxembourg
• Trade between Luxembourg and Belgium
• Trade between Luxembourg and France
• Trade between Luxembourg and Germany
• Trade between Luxembourg and Hong Kong
• Trade between Luxembourg and Italy
• Trade between Luxembourg and the Netherlands
• Trade between Luxembourg and the United States
• Dependence of Luxembourg on Belgium
• Dependence of Luxembourg on Germany
• Dependence of Luxembourg on France
• Dependence of Luxembourg on Hong Kong
• All countries

Sources and licenses

• CEPII BACI · Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0
• Natural Earth · Public domain

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.