How dependent is the European Union on the United Kingdom?

and 10 more

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

• The United Kingdom sells 23.5% of what the world exports of spirits; next come Mexico (14.6%), United States (6%) and China (3.1%). The rest of the world exported 5.9 times what the European Union buys from the United Kingdom.
• The United Kingdom sells 8.1% of what the world exports of deodorants, shaving and bath products; next come China (11%), United States (9.2%) and Mexico (5.5%). The rest of the world exported 8.2 times what the European Union buys from the United Kingdom.
• The United Kingdom sells 8.7% of what the world exports of lamb and goat meat; next come Australia (42.2%), New Zealand (24.4%) and Kenya (1.5%). The rest of the world exported 9.1 times what the European Union buys from the United Kingdom.
• The United Kingdom sells 7.9% of what the world exports of breakfast cereals; next come United States (9.4%), Canada (5.2%) and Mexico (3.5%). The rest of the world exported 8.1 times what the European Union buys from the United Kingdom.
• The United Kingdom sells 4.3% of what the world exports of synthetic paints and varnishes; next come United States (10.1%), Japan (8.2%) and China (4.9%). The rest of the world exported 16.2 times what the European Union buys from the United Kingdom.
• The United Kingdom sells 4.4% of what the world exports of fresh milk and cream; next come New Zealand (8%), Saudi Arabia (2.1%) and Australia (1.8%). The rest of the world exported 5.4 times what the European Union buys from the United Kingdom.
• The United Kingdom sells 10.7% of what the world exports of stainless steel ingots and semi-finished products; next come Indonesia (57.6%), United States (1.3%) and Canada (1%). The rest of the world exported 7.3 times what the European Union buys from the United Kingdom.
• The United Kingdom sells 5.7% of what the world exports of unwrought lead; next come India (10.5%), South Korea (9%) and Australia (8.9%). The rest of the world exported 16.8 times what the European Union buys from the United Kingdom.
• The United Kingdom sells 2.6% of what the world exports of beer; next come Mexico (37.5%), China (2.8%) and United States (1.8%). The rest of the world exported 28.8 times what the European Union buys from the United Kingdom.
• The United Kingdom sells 14.1% of what the world exports of live horses, donkeys and mules; next come China (22.1%), United States (6.8%) and Australia (4.7%). The rest of the world exported 5.4 times what the European Union buys from the United Kingdom.

Exports from the rest of the world already have buyers; the figure shows scale, not availability.

The European Union is the United Kingdom’s 1st-largest customer, with 45.4% of its exports.

• Who does the European Union rely on?
• Who does the United Kingdom rely on?
• Dependence of the European Union on China
• Dependence of the European Union on the United States
• Dependence of the European Union on Switzerland
• Dependence of the European Union on Ukraine
• Dependence of the European Union on Norway
• Dependence of the European Union on Brazil
• Dependence of the European Union on Turkey
• Dependence of the European Union on South Korea
• Dependence of the European Union on North Macedonia
• Dependence of the European Union on the Cayman Islands
• Dependence of the European Union on Morocco
• Dependence of the European Union on Côte d'Ivoire
• Dependence of the European Union on Russia
• Dependence of the European Union on Tunisia
• Dependence of the European Union on Argentina
• Dependence of the European Union on Vietnam
• Dependence of the European Union on India
• Trade profile of the United Kingdom
• All countries

Sources and licenses

• CEPII BACI · Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0
• Natural Earth · Public domain

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.