How dependent is Germany on the Netherlands?

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

• The Netherlands sells 40.4% of what the world exports of cut flowers; next come Colombia (22.8%), Kenya (8.7%) and Ecuador (8.6%). The rest of the world exported 5.1 times what Germany buys from the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands sells 40.9% of what the world exports of live plants and cuttings; next come Italy (7.8%), Canada (5.5%) and Spain (5.1%). The rest of the world exported 4.9 times what Germany buys from the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands sells 28.6% of what the world exports of cocoa butter; next come Indonesia (10.6%), Malaysia (9.1%) and France (7.5%). The rest of the world exported 7.9 times what Germany buys from the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands sells 15.1% of what the world exports of tomatoes; next come Mexico (30%), Morocco (13.1%) and Spain (10.7%). The rest of the world exported 12.3 times what Germany buys from the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands sells 19.1% of what the world exports of cocoa paste; next come Côte d'Ivoire (26.5%), Ghana (8.7%) and Cameroon (3.7%). The rest of the world exported 8.5 times what Germany buys from the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands sells 17.5% of what the world exports of eggs in shell; next come United States (10.4%), Turkey (8.1%) and Poland (7.8%). The rest of the world exported 7 times what Germany buys from the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands sells 20% of what the world exports of frozen vegetables; next come Belgium (28.8%), Canada (13.7%) and United States (10.5%). The rest of the world exported 28.5 times what Germany buys from the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands sells 27.5% of what the world exports of shelled eggs and egg yolks; next come Poland (9.1%), France (7.6%) and United States (6.8%). The rest of the world exported 7.3 times what Germany buys from the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands sells 76.9% of what the world exports of bulbs, tubers and rhizomes; next come Poland (2.1%), Chile (2%) and Canada (1.7%). The rest of the world exported 2.2 times what Germany buys from the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands sells 7.7% of what the world exports of salt; next come India (13.2%), Australia (12.2%) and Mexico (5.1%). The rest of the world exported 33.5 times what Germany buys from the Netherlands.

Exports from the rest of the world already have buyers; the figure shows scale, not availability.

Germany is the Netherlands’ 1st-largest customer, with 16.6% of its exports.

• Trade between Germany and the Netherlands
• Who does Germany rely on?
• Who does the Netherlands rely on?
• Dependence of Germany on China
• Dependence of Germany on Norway
• Dependence of Germany on the United States
• Dependence of Germany on Poland
• Dependence of Germany on Ireland
• Dependence of Germany on Switzerland
• Dependence of Germany on Spain
• Dependence of Germany on Italy
• Dependence of Germany on Bulgaria
• Dependence of Germany on Denmark
• Trade profile of Germany
• Trade profile of the Netherlands
• All countries

Sources and licenses

• CEPII BACI · Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0
• Natural Earth · Public domain

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.