How dependent is Germany on Spain?

A product has a dominant supplier when a single country sells more than 50% of what is bought of it; we flag it separately above 75%.

• Spain sells 21.7% of what the world exports of citrus fruit; next come South Africa (13.7%), China (8.6%) and Egypt (8%). The rest of the world exported 13.5 times what Germany buys from Spain.
• Spain sells 15.1% of what the world exports of stone fruit (cherries, peaches, plums); next come Chile (39.7%), Hong Kong (11.5%) and United States (6.7%). The rest of the world exported 20.1 times what Germany buys from Spain.
• Spain sells 21.6% of what the world exports of melons, watermelons and papayas; next come Mexico (14%), Brazil (9.9%) and Guatemala (8.1%). The rest of the world exported 12.4 times what Germany buys from Spain.
• Spain sells 29.1% of what the world exports of lettuce and chicory; next come United States (16.9%), Mexico (15.8%) and Italy (8.2%). The rest of the world exported 10.6 times what Germany buys from Spain.
• Spain sells 60.8% of what the world exports of worked slate; next come China (13.8%), Brazil (6%) and India (4.1%). The rest of the world exported 7.4 times what Germany buys from Spain.
• Spain sells 18.1% of what the world exports of diesel and other locomotives; next come United States (32.2%), South Korea (11.1%) and France (7.9%). The rest of the world exported 45.4 times what Germany buys from Spain.
• Spain sells 10.1% of what the world exports of live sheep and goats; next come Sudan (29.4%), Somalia (11.9%) and Romania (9.8%). The rest of the world exported 113.3 times what Germany buys from Spain.
• Spain sells 18.2% of what the world exports of chamois leather; next come Italy (36.5%), Mexico (8%) and Turkey (6.9%). The rest of the world exported 6.9 times what Germany buys from Spain.
• Spain sells 49.2% of what the world exports of olive pomace oil; next come Italy (15.7%), Greece (11%) and Portugal (6.5%). The rest of the world exported 40.6 times what Germany buys from Spain.
• Spain sells 37.8% of what the world exports of articles of gut, bladder or tendon; next come Brazil (16.9%), China (10.5%) and France (6.6%). The rest of the world exported 10.7 times what Germany buys from Spain.

Exports from the rest of the world already have buyers; the figure shows scale, not availability.

Germany is Spain’s 2nd-largest customer, with 10% of its exports.

• Trade between Germany and Spain
• Who does Germany rely on?
• Who does Spain rely on?
• Dependence of Germany on China
• Dependence of Germany on Norway
• Dependence of Germany on the Netherlands
• Dependence of Germany on the United States
• Dependence of Germany on Poland
• Dependence of Germany on Ireland
• Dependence of Germany on Switzerland
• Dependence of Germany on Italy
• Dependence of Germany on Bulgaria
• Dependence of Germany on Denmark
• Trade profile of Germany
• Trade profile of Spain
• All countries

Sources and licenses

• CEPII BACI · Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0
• Natural Earth · Public domain

Methodology

The data come from CEPII BACI (Etalab 2.0 licence), which reconciles what the exporting and the importing country report, in current USD, FOB. Data up to 2024.

Dependence is the share of a country’s imports (or exports) that each partner accounts for. It does not measure whether a product has a substitute or how much it would cost to change supplier.

The concentration index (HHI) adds up the square of each partner’s share, in percent: it runs from 0 to 10,000. Its equivalent is 10,000 ÷ HHI, the number of partners of the same size that would give that value.

Products are HS4 headings of the 1992 nomenclature (some combine different goods), with a floor of $1 million per product and country.

The EU is the 27 current members in every year; the United Kingdom is outside the EU throughout the series.

Re-exports: countries that act as redistribution hubs carry their notice and the figures are not corrected.