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How much of Spain’s trade passes through the Turkish Straits?

In 2024, an estimated $29.5 billion of Spain’s trade passed through the Turkish Straits, 5.1% of its seaborne trade. That is $13 billion of exports and $16.5 billion of imports. The partners with the most trade through it are Turkey, Romania and Ukraine.

Summary

Estimated value
$29.5billion
Of its seaborne trade
5.1%
Exports
$13billion
Imports
$16.5billion

Trend

Estimated value per year

Spain’s estimated trade through the Turkish Straits rose 28% between 2019 and 2024

Value in USD billions

  • Spain 29.5

Source: CEPII BACI

Show the numbers
YearEstimated valueOf its seaborne trade
1995$1.9 billion1.5%
1996$2.1 billion1.5%
1997$2.5 billion1.7%
1998$2.5 billion1.6%
1999$2.6 billion1.6%
2000$3.5 billion2%
2001$3.6 billion2%
2002$4.7 billion2.4%
2003$6 billion2.6%
2004$9.2 billion3.3%
2005$11.5 billion3.7%
2006$14.1 billion3.9%
2007$16.5 billion3.9%
2008$18 billion4.1%
2009$12.1 billion3.8%
2010$14.3 billion3.9%
2011$19.6 billion4.6%
2012$19.6 billion4.7%
2013$21.9 billion5.2%
2014$22.6 billion5%
2015$18.1 billion4.5%
2016$18.4 billion4.6%
2017$22.1 billion4.9%
2018$24.4 billion5%
2019$23.1 billion4.9%
2020$19.6 billion4.8%
2021$27.3 billion5.3%
2022$31 billion5.2%
2023$30.7 billion5.3%
2024$29.5 billion5.1%

Partners whose trade crosses it

Estimated value of its trade with each partner that crosses the chokepoint; the percentage is the share of all its trade through the chokepoint, not of the pair’s trade.

  1. Spain–Turkey$14.1 billion · 47.9%
  2. Spain–Romania$6.2 billion · 21.1%
  3. Spain–Ukraine$3.7 billion · 12.6%
  4. Spain–Kazakhstan$1.9 billion · 6.5%
  5. Spain–Bulgaria$1.6 billion · 5.6%
  6. Spain–Russia$1 billion · 3.5%
  7. Spain–Azerbaijan$250 million · 0.85%
  8. Spain–Georgia$215 million · 0.73%
  9. Spain–Moldova$186 million · 0.63%
  10. Spain–Uzbekistan$82 million · 0.28%

What crosses it

The products with the highest estimated value in 2024, with their share of the total through the chokepoint.

  1. Cars$4.5 billion · 15.1%
  2. Crude petroleum$1.6 billion · 5.3%
  3. Auto parts$1.4 billion · 4.6%
  4. Wheat$1.1 billion · 3.9%
  5. Corn$1 billion · 3.5%
  6. Natural gas and LPG$709 million · 2.4%
  7. Sunflower, safflower and cottonseed oil$695 million · 2.4%
  8. Pork$618 million · 2.1%
  9. Trucks$593 million · 2%
  10. Refined petroleum$556 million · 1.9%

Reference ports

Valencia (54%) and Bilbao (46%)

Each port with the weight it receives from the country’s trade, based on where its GDP is generated and which coast is closest.

Other chokepoints it uses

Sources and method

Sources and licenses

Methodology

We estimate the value crossing each chokepoint from BACI trade that travels by sea according to our mode heuristic, split between each country’s ports by where its GDP is generated and which coast is closest, and routed over our own sea network. It is an estimate, not a count of ships. It covers 99.9% of seaborne trade. The approach follows Verschuur, Lumma and Hall (Nature Communications, 2025). Data up to 2024.

The Bosporus and the Dardanelles are counted together: they are the two gates between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.

All maritime chokepoints